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Bus factor (BF) is a metric that tracks knowledge distribution in a project. It is the minimal number of engineers that have to leave for a project to stall. Despite the fact that there are several algorithms for calculating the bus factor,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Egor Klimov , Muhammad Umair Ahmed , Nikolai Sviridov , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Eray Tüzün , Vladimir Kovalenko

Bus factor is a metric that identifies how resilient is the project to the sudden engineer turnover. It states the minimal number of engineers that have to be hit by a bus for a project to be stalled. Even though the metric is often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Elgun Jabrayilzade , Mikhail Evtikhiev , Eray Tüzün , Vladimir Kovalenko

The bus-factor is a critical risk indicator that quantifies how many key contributors a project can afford to lose before core knowledge or functionality is compromised. Despite its practical importance, accurately computing the bus-factor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Sebastiano Antonio Piccolo

Truck Factor (TF) is a metric proposed by the agile community as a tool to identify concentration of knowledge in software development environments. It states the minimal number of developers that have to be hit by a truck (or quit) before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Guilherme Avelino , Leonardo Passos , Andre Hora , Marco Tulio Valente

The bus-factor is a measure of project risk with respect to personnel availability, informally defined as the number of people whose sudden unavailability would cause a project to stall or experience severe delays. Despite its intuitive…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sebastiano A. Piccolo , Pasquale De Meo , Giorgio Terracina , Gianluigi Greco

Effort estimation models are a fundamental tool in software management, and used as a forecast for resources, constraints and costs associated to software development. For Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) projects, effort estimation is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Gregorio Robles , Andrea Capiluppi , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona , Bjorn Lundell , Jonas Gamalielsson

Many software developers rely on open source software for developing their applications and writing their source codes. Measuring an independent project's overall productivity is still an open problem for many technology companies. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Sairamvinay Vijayaraghavan , Jinxiao Song , Terry Guan , Seongwoo Choi , Sutej Kulkarni

[Context] Open Source Software (OSS) is nowadays used and integrated in most of the commercial products. However, the selection of OSS projects for integration is not a simple process, mainly due to a of lack of clear selection models and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Xiaozhou Li , Sergio Moreschini , Zheying Zhang , Davide Taibi

A fundamental unit of work in programming is the code contribution ("commit") that a developer makes to the code base of the project in work. An author's commit frequency describes how often that author commits. Knowing the distribution of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-22 Carsten Kolassa , Dirk Riehle , Michel A. Salim

Open Source Software (OSS) is a cornerstone of contemporary software development, yet the increasing prevalence of OSS project abandonment threatens global software supply chains. Although previous research has explored abandonment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yiming Xu , Runzhi He , Hengzhi Ye , Minghui Zhou , Huaimin Wang

Throughout their lifetime, open-source software systems will naturally attract new contributors and lose existing contributors. Not all OSS contributors are equal, however, as some contributors within a project possess significant knowledge…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Olivier Nourry , Masanari Kondo , Shinobu Saito , Yukako Iimura , Naoyasu Ubayashi , Yasutaka Kamei

A fundamental unit of work in programming is the code contribution ("commit") that a developer makes to the code base of the project in work. We use statistical methods to derive a model of the probabilistic distribution of commit sizes in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-22 Carsten Kolassa , Dirk Riehle , Michel A. Salim

This paper studies the problem of predicting the coding effort for a subsequent year of development by analysing metrics extracted from project repositories, with an emphasis on projects containing XML code. The study considers thirteen…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Siim Karus , Marlon Dumas

Open Source Software (OSS) has become a very important and crucial infrastructure worldwide because of the value it provides. OSS typically depends on contributions from developers across diverse backgrounds and levels of experience. Making…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Elijah Kayode Adejumo , Brittany Johnson

Open source software (OSS) generates trillions of dollars in economic value and has become essential to the technical infrastructures that power organizations worldwide. As these systems increasingly depend on OSS, understanding the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Elijah Kayode Adejumo , Mariam Guizani , Brittany Johnson

Faced with over 100M open source projects most empirical investigations select a subset. Most research papers in leading venues investigated filtering projects by some measure of popularity with explicit or implicit arguments that unpopular…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Addi Malviya-Thakur , Audris Mockus

Background: Open source software has an increasing importance in modern software development. However, there is also a growing concern on the sustainability of such projects, which are usually managed by a small number of developers,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Jailton Coelho , Marco Tulio Valente , Luciana L. Silva , Emad Shihab

Refactoring is widely recognized as one of the efficient techniques to manage technical debt and maintain a healthy software project through enforcing best design practices or coping with design defects. Previous refactoring surveys have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Eman Abdullah AlOmar , Anthony Peruma , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Christian D. Newman , Ali Ouni

Current software development is often a cooperative activity, where different situations can arise that put the existence of a project at risk. One common and extensively studied issue in the software engineering literature is the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Otávio Cury , Guilherme Avelino

In large-scale open-source projects, hundreds of pull requests land daily, each a potential source of regressions. Diff risk scoring (DRS) estimates how likely an individual code change is to introduce a defect. This score can help…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ali Sayedsalehi , Peter C. Rigby , Audris Mockus
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