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Classical machine learning algorithms often face scalability bottlenecks when they are applied to large-scale data. Such algorithms were designed to work with small data that is assumed to fit in the memory of one machine. In this report,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-05-14 Tarek Elgamal , Mohamed Hefeeda

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for grounding large language models in external knowledge sources, improving the precision of agents responses. However, high-dimensional language model embeddings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Arman Khaledian , Amirreza Ghadiridehkordi , Nariman Khaledian

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a well-known technique for approximating a tabular data set by a low rank matrix. Here, we extend the idea of PCA to handle arbitrary data sets consisting of numerical, Boolean, categorical, ordinal,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-05-06 Madeleine Udell , Corinne Horn , Reza Zadeh , Stephen Boyd

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the most widely used tool for linear dimensionality reduction and clustering. Still it is highly sensitive to outliers and does not scale well with respect to the number of data samples. Robust PCA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-24 Nauman Shahid , Vassilis Kalofolias , Xavier Bresson , Michael Bronstein , Pierre Vandergheynst

We develop and analyze a method to reduce the size of a very large set of data points in a high dimensional Euclidean space R d to a small set of weighted points such that the result of a predetermined data analysis task on the reduced set…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Dan Feldman , Melanie Schmidt , Christian Sohler

Dimensionality reduction is a critical preprocessing step for clustering high-dimensional data, yet comprehensive evaluation of its impact across diverse methods and data types remains limited. In this study, we systematically assess the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ousmane Assani-Amate , Mohammadreza Bakhtyari , Émilie Roy , Vladimir Makarenkov

Clustering is a fundamental unsupervised learning approach. Many clustering algorithms -- such as $k$-means -- rely on the euclidean distance as a similarity measure, which is often not the most relevant metric for high dimensional data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Aude Genevay , Gabriel Dulac-Arnold , Jean-Philippe Vert

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a well known procedure to reduce intrinsic complexity of a dataset, essentially through simplifying the covariance structure or the correlation structure. We introduce a novel algebraic, model-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-09 Martin Schlather , Felix Reinbott

Recently years, the attempts on distilling mobile data into useful knowledge has been led to the deployment of machine learning algorithms at the network edge. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classic technique for extracting the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Zezhong Zhang , Guangxu Zhu , Rui Wang , Vincent K. N. Lau , Kaibin Huang

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been widely used for dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. Robust PCA (RPCA), under different robust distance metrics, such as l1-norm and l2, p-norm, can deal with noise or outliers to some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Zhao Kang , Hongfei Liu , Jiangxin Li , Xiaofeng Zhu , Ling Tian

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an important tool in exploring data. The conventional approach to PCA leads to a solution which favours the structures with large variances. This is sensitive to outliers and could obfuscate interesting…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-16 A. A. Akinduko , A. N. Gorban

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used dimension reduction tool in the analysis of many kind of high-dimensional data. It is used in signal processing, mechanical engineering, psychometrics, and other fields under different…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-15 Ngoc Mai Tran , Maria Osipenko , Wolfgang Karl Haerdle

We consider multi-class classification problems for high dimensional data. Following the idea of reduced-rank linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we introduce a new dimension reduction tool with a flavor of supervised principal component…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-28 Yue Selena Niu , Ning Hao , Bin Dong

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a key tool in the field of data dimensionality reduction. Various methods have been proposed to extend PCA to the union of subspace (UoS) setting for clustering data that comes from multiple subspaces…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Javier Salazar Cavazos , Jeffrey A Fessler , Laura Balzano

Identifying a set of homogeneous clusters in a heterogeneous dataset is one of the most important classes of problems in statistical modeling. In the realm of unsupervised partitional clustering, k-means is a very important algorithm for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-23 J. Andrew Howe

Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, with documented merits in diverse tasks involving high-dimensional data. Standard PCA copes with one dataset at a time, but it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Jia Chen , Gang Wang , Georgios B. Giannakis

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and its nonlinear extension Kernel PCA (KPCA) are widely used across science and industry for data analysis and dimensionality reduction. Modern deep learning tools have achieved great empirical success,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Francesco Tonin , Qinghua Tao , Panagiotis Patrinos , Johan A. K. Suykens

Efficient representations of data are essential for processing, exploration, and human understanding, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most common dimensionality reduction techniques used for the analysis of large,…

Computation · Statistics 2023-11-06 Olga Dorabiala , Aleksandr Aravkin , J. Nathan Kutz

Dimensionality reduction is a fundamental technique in machine learning and data analysis, enabling efficient representation and visualization of high-dimensional data. This paper explores five key methods: Principal Component Analysis…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-02-19 Yuan-chin Ivan Chang

Dimensionality reduction is a crucial step for pattern recognition and data mining tasks to overcome the curse of dimensionality. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a traditional technique for unsupervised dimensionality reduction, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-04 Zan Gao , Guotai Zhang , Feiping Nie , Hua Zhang