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Causal inference is central to many areas of artificial intelligence, including complex reasoning, planning, knowledge-base construction, robotics, explanation, and fairness. An active community of researchers develops and enhances…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Amanda Gentzel , Dan Garant , David Jensen

Causal probing aims to analyze foundation models by examining how intervening on their representation of various latent properties impacts their outputs. Recent works have cast doubt on the theoretical basis of several leading causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Marc Canby , Adam Davies , Chirag Rastogi , Julia Hockenmaier

Causal reasoning is the main learning and explanation tool used by humans. AI systems should possess causal reasoning capabilities to be deployed in the real world with trust and reliability. Introducing the ideas of causality to machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy

Understanding causality has vital importance for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Beyond the labeled instances, conceptual explanations of the causality can provide deep understanding of the causal facts to facilitate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Li Du , Xiao Ding , Kai Xiong , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

We introduce CausaLab, a scalable environment for evaluating interactive causal discovery by LLM agents. Unlike prior evaluations, CausaLab evaluates both whether an agent can solve a problem using causal evidence and whether its answer is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junlin Yang , Dylan Zhang , Xiangchen Song , Qirun Dai , Xiao Liu , Yuen Chen , Aniket Vashishtha , Jing Shi , Chenhao Tan , Hao Peng

Causal effects are commonly defined as comparisons of the potential outcomes under treatment and control, but this definition is threatened by the possibility that the treatment or control condition is not well-defined, existing instead in…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-26 Raiden B. Hasegawa , Sameer K. Deshpande , Dylan S. Small , Paul R. Rosenbaum

The use of causal language in observational studies has raised concerns about overstatement in scientific communication. While some argue that such language should be reserved for randomized controlled trials, others contend that rigorous…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-18 Jun Wang , Bei Yu

Causal inference from observational data provides strong evidence for the best action in decision-making without performing expensive randomized trials. The effect of an action is usually not identifiable under unobserved confounding, even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Md Musfiqur Rahman , Ziwei Jiang , Hilaf Hasson , Murat Kocaoglu

Causality testing, the act of determining cause and effect from measurements, is widely used in physics, climatology, neuroscience, econometrics and other disciplines. As a result, a large number of causality testing methods based on…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-02-20 Aditi Kathpalia , Nithin Nagaraj

Most major retailers today have multiple divisions focused on various aspects, such as marketing, supply chain, online customer experience, store customer experience, employee productivity, and vendor fulfillment. They also regularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Pranav Gupta , Nithin Surendran

Causal graphs are commonly used to understand and model complex systems. Researchers often construct these graphs from different perspectives, leading to significant variations for the same problem. Comparing causal graphs is, therefore,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ning-Yuan Georgia Liu , Flower Yang , Mohammad S. Jalali

Causal effect estimation has been studied by many researchers when only observational data is available. Sound and complete algorithms have been developed for pointwise estimation of identifiable causal queries. For non-identifiable causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-26 Ziwei Jiang , Lai Wei , Murat Kocaoglu

The role of reasoning in Audio Large Language Models remains widely underexplored, as introducing a reasoning process often degrades rather than improves performance during inference, a phenomenon we term test-time inverse scaling, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiajun Fan , Roger Ren , Jingyuan Li , Rahul Pandey , Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar , Ivan Bulyko , Ankur Gandhe , Ge Liu , Yile Gu

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex tasks with advances in reasoning capabilities. However, existing reward mechanisms remain tightly coupled to final correctness and pay little attention to the underlying reasoning process:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jingyao Wang , Peizheng Guo , Wenwen Qiang , Jiahuan Zhou , Huijie Guo , Changwen Zheng , Hui Xiong

Causal approaches to fairness have seen substantial recent interest, both from the machine learning community and from wider parties interested in ethical prediction algorithms. In no small part, this has been due to the fact that causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-17 Niki Kilbertus , Philip J. Ball , Matt J. Kusner , Adrian Weller , Ricardo Silva

Causal reasoning in relational domains is fundamental to studying real-world social phenomena in which individual units can influence each other's traits and behavior. Dynamics between interconnected units can be represented as an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Ragib Ahsan , David Arbour , Elena Zheleva

The past three decades have witnessed notable success in designing efficient SAT solvers, with modern solvers capable of solving industrial benchmarks containing millions of variables in just a few seconds. The success of modern SAT solvers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jiong Yang , Arijit Shaw , Teodora Baluta , Mate Soos , Kuldeep S. Meel

A fundamental challenge in causal inference with observational data is correct specification of a causal model. When there is model uncertainty, analysts may seek to use estimates from multiple candidate models that rely on distinct, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Rohit Bhattacharya , Ina Ocelli , Ted Westling

While large language models (LLMs) play increasingly significant roles in society, research shows they continue to generate content that reflects social bias against sensitive groups. Existing benchmarks effectively identify these biases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tian Xie , Tongxin Yin , Vaishakh Keshava , Xueru Zhang , Siddhartha Reddy Jonnalagadda

Recommendation performance usually exhibits a long-tail distribution over users -- a small portion of head users enjoy much more accurate recommendation services than the others. We reveal two sources of this performance heterogeneity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Shengyu Zhang , Ziqi Jiang , Jiangchao Yao , Fuli Feng , Kun Kuang , Zhou Zhao , Shuo Li , Hongxia Yang , Tat-Seng Chua , Fei Wu
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