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The Koopman representation is an infinite dimensional linear representation of linear or nonlinear dynamical systems. It represents the dynamics of output maps (aka observables), which are functions on the state space whose evaluation is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-18 Bassam Bamieh

The Koopman framework is a popular approach to transform a finite dimensional nonlinear system into an infinite dimensional, but linear model through a lifting process, using so-called observable functions. While there is an extensive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Lucian Cristian Iacob , Maarten Schoukens , Roland Tóth

This paper presents a methodology to achieve lower-dimensional Koopman quasi-linear representations of nonlinear system dynamics using Koopman generalized eigenfunctions. The proposed approach considers the analytically derived Koopman…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Simone Martini , Margareta Stefanovic , Kimon P. Valavanis

The eigenspectrum of the Koopman operator enables the decomposition of nonlinear dynamics into a sum of nonlinear functions of the state space with purely exponential and sinusoidal time dependence. For a limited number of dynamical…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2023-04-19 Jeremy P Parker , Claire Valva

The Koopman operator framework offers a way to represent a nonlinear system as a linear one. The key to this simplification lies in the identification of eigenfunctions. While various data-driven algorithms have been developed for this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Xinyuan Jiang , Yan Li

Research on Koopman operator theory has focused on three key areas for several decades: the mathematical structure of the Koopman eigenfunction space, the basis of this space, and the ability to represent nonlinear dynamics as linear. This…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Ido Cohen , Eli Appleboim

A number of recent studies have proposed that linear representations are appropriate for solving nonlinear dynamical systems with quantum computers, which fundamentally act linearly on a wave function in a Hilbert space. Linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Yen Ting Lin , Robert B. Lowrie , Denis Aslangil , Yiğit Subaşı , Andrew T. Sornborger

The Koopman operator is a mathematical tool that allows for a linear description of non-linear systems, but working in infinite dimensional spaces. Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition are amongst the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Francesco Zanini , Alessandro Chiuso

The Koopman operator is a linear operator that describes the evolution of scalar observables (i.e., measurement functions of the states) in an infinitedimensional Hilbert space. This operator theoretic point of view lifts the dynamics of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-19 Gregory Snyder , Zhuoyuan Song

The Koopman operator allows for handling nonlinear systems through a (globally) linear representation. In general, the operator is infinite-dimensional - necessitating finite approximations - for which there is no overarching framework.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-23 Petar Bevanda , Stefan Sosnowski , Sandra Hirche

For continuous-time dynamical systems with reversible trajectories, the nowhere-vanishing eigenfunctions of the Koopman operator of the system form a multiplicative group. Here, we exploit this property to accelerate the systematic…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Zahra Monfared , Saksham Malhotra , Sekiya Hajime , Ioannis Kevrekidis , Felix Dietrich

Representing nonlinear dynamical systems using the Koopman Operator and its spectrum has distinct advantages in terms of linear interpretability of the model as well as in analysis and control synthesis through the use of well-studied…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Shankar A. Deka , Umesh Vaidya

We provide an overview of the Koopman operator analysis for a class of partial differential equations describing relaxation of the field variable to a stable stationary state. We introduce Koopman eigenfunctionals of the system and use the…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2021-06-04 Hiroya Nakao , Igor Mezić

This paper presents the results of identification of vehicle dynamics using the Koopman operator. The basic idea is to transform the state space of a nonlinear system (a car in our case) to a higher-dimensional space, using so-called basis…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-15 Vit Cibulka , Tomas Hanis , Martin Hromcik

Nonlinear ordinary differential equations can rarely be solved analytically. Koopman operator theory provides a way to solve nonlinear systems by mapping nonlinear dynamics to a linear space using eigenfunctions. Unfortunately, finding such…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-08-19 Megan Morrison , J. Nathan Kutz

Identifying coordinate transformations that make strongly nonlinear dynamics approximately linear is a central challenge in modern dynamical systems. These transformations have the potential to enable prediction, estimation, and control of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Bethany Lusch , J. Nathan Kutz , Steven L. Brunton

The Koopman operator provides a linear framework to study nonlinear dynamical systems. Its spectra offer valuable insights into system dynamics, but the operator can exhibit both discrete and continuous spectra, complicating direct…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-05-02 Jonghyeon Lee , Boumediene Hamzi , Boya Hou , Houman Owhadi , Gabriele Santin , Umesh Vaidya

Koopman analysis provides a general framework from which to analyze a nonlinear dynamical system in terms of a linear operator acting on an infinite-dimensional observable space. This theoretical framework provides a rigorous underpinning…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Dan Wilson

The fundamental importance of functional differential equations has been recognized in many areas of mathematical physics, such as fluid dynamics (Hopf characteristic functional equation), quantum field theory (Schwinger-Dyson equations)…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Daniele Venturi

Lyapunov functions play a vital role in the context of control theory for nonlinear dynamical systems. Besides its classical use for stability analysis, Lyapunov functions also arise in iterative schemes for computing optimal feedback laws…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-03 Tobias Breiten , Bernhard Höveler
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