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We consider the variational problem of cross-entropy loss with $n$ feature vectors on a unit hypersphere in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We prove that when $d \geq n - 1$, the global minimum is given by the simplex equiangular tight frame, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Jianfeng Lu , Stefan Steinerberger

Online continual learning suffers from an underfitted solution due to insufficient training for prompt model update (e.g., single-epoch training). To address the challenge, we propose an efficient online continual learning method using the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Minhyuk Seo , Hyunseo Koh , Wonje Jeung , Minjae Lee , San Kim , Hankook Lee , Sungjun Cho , Sungik Choi , Hyunwoo Kim , Jonghyun Choi

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with cross-entropy loss have proven to be extremely successful in classifying images. In recent years, much work has been done to also improve the theoretical understanding of neural networks.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-30 Michael Kohler , Sophie Langer

Neural collapse (NC) describes the structured geometry that emerges in the features and weights of trained classifiers. Recent theory suggests NC can be suboptimal in deep architectures, attributing this to an explicit low-rank bias from L2…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Connall Garrod , Jonathan P. Keating , Christos Thrampoulidis

Deep neural networks have recently achieved notable progress in 3D point cloud recognition, yet their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations poses critical security challenges in practical deployments. Conventional defense mechanisms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yuanmin Huang , Wenxuan Li , Mi Zhang , Xiaohan Zhang , Xiaoyu You , Min Yang

This paper demonstrates that in classification problems, fully connected neural networks (FCNs) and residual neural networks (ResNets) cannot be approximated by kernel logistic regression based on the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zixiong Yu , Songtao Tian , Guhan Chen

We present a unified theoretical framework connecting the first property of Deep Neural Collapse (DNC1) to the emergence of implicit low-rank bias in nonlinear networks trained with $L^2$ weight decay regularization. Our main contributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Emanuele Zangrando , Piero Deidda , Simone Brugiapaglia , Nicola Guglielmi , Francesco Tudisco

A vast amount of literature has recently focused on the "Neural Collapse" (NC) phenomenon, which emerges when training neural network (NN) classifiers beyond the zero training error point. The core component of NC is the decrease in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Vignesh Kothapalli , Tom Tirer

This work bridges two important concepts: the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), which captures the evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) during training, and the Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon, which refers to the emergence of symmetry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mariia Seleznova , Dana Weitzner , Raja Giryes , Gitta Kutyniok , Hung-Hsu Chou

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) has been a challenging problem as only a few training samples are accessible for each novel class in the new sessions. Finetuning the backbone or adjusting the classifier prototypes trained in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yibo Yang , Haobo Yuan , Xiangtai Li , Zhouchen Lin , Philip Torr , Dacheng Tao

Mixup is a data augmentation strategy that employs convex combinations of training instances and their respective labels to augment the robustness and calibration of deep neural networks. Despite its widespread adoption, the nuanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Quinn Fisher , Haoming Meng , Vardan Papyan

We study the ability of foundation models to learn representations for classification that are transferable to new, unseen classes. Recent results in the literature show that representations learned by a single classifier over many classes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Tomer Galanti , András György , Marcus Hutter

The notion of neural collapse refers to several emergent phenomena that have been empirically observed across various canonical classification problems. During the terminal phase of training a deep neural network, the feature embedding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Duc Anh Nguyen , Ron Levie , Julian Lienen , Gitta Kutyniok , Eyke Hüllermeier

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved impressive results on imbalanced image data, but they still have difficulty generalizing to minority classes and their decisions are difficult to interpret. These problems are related…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Damien Dablain , Kristen N. Jacobson , Colin Bellinger , Mark Roberts , Nitesh Chawla

Neural collapse describes the geometry of activation in the final layer of a deep neural network when it is trained beyond performance plateaus. Open questions include whether neural collapse leads to better generalization and, if so, why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Siwei Wang , Stephanie E Palmer

Neural collapse is an emergent phenomenon in deep learning that was recently discovered by Papyan, Han and Donoho. We propose a simple "unconstrained features model" in which neural collapse also emerges empirically. By studying this model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Dustin G. Mixon , Hans Parshall , Jianzong Pi

Deep Equilibrium Model (DEQ), which serves as a typical implicit neural network, emphasizes their memory efficiency and competitive performance compared to explicit neural networks. However, there has been relatively limited theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Haixiang Sun , Ye Shi

Catastrophic forgetting is a major problem in continual learning, and lots of approaches arise to reduce it. However, most of them are evaluated through task accuracy, which ignores the internal model structure. Recent research suggests…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yunqin Zhu , Jun Jin

Deep learning has achieved many breakthroughs in modern classification tasks. Numerous architectures have been proposed for different data structures but when it comes to the loss function, the cross-entropy loss is the predominant choice.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-08 Tianyang Hu , Jun Wang , Wenjia Wang , Zhenguo Li

What scaling limits govern neural network training dynamics when model size and training time grow in tandem? We show that despite the complex interactions between architecture, training algorithms, and data, compute-optimally trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shikai Qiu , Lechao Xiao , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Jeffrey Pennington , Atish Agarwala