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This paper addresses the lack of research on quantifying Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) on Ethereum Layer 2 networks (L2s). Our findings reveal a substantial amount of MEV to be extracted on L2s, particularly on Polygon, with a lower bound…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-06 Arthur Bagourd , Luca Georges Francois

This paper tackles the discovery of tMEV, that is, the Maximal Extractable Value on blockchains that arises from Token smart contracts. This scope differs from the existing MEV-discovery research, which analyzes application-layer contracts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jiaqi Chen , Yuzhe Tang , Yue Duan

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has become a critical issue for blockchain ecosystems, as it enables validators or block proposers to extract value by ordering, including or censoring users' transactions. This paper aims to present a formal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Bruno Mazorra , Nicolás Della Penna

As an integral part of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, decentralized exchanges (DEXs) with automated market maker (AMM) protocols have gained massive traction with the recently revived interest in blockchain and distributed…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-16 Jiahua Xu , Krzysztof Paruch , Simon Cousaert , Yebo Feng

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has become a significant incentive on blockchain networks, referring to the value captured through the manipulation of transaction execution order and strategic issuance of profit-generation transactions. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Burak Öz , Filip Rezabek , Jonas Gebele , Felix Hoops , Florian Matthes

We analyze the market quality of centralized crypto exchanges (CEXs) and decentralized blockchain-based venues (DEXs) using a unique and comprehensive dataset. Focusing on two fundamental aspects, transaction costs and deviations from the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-09-16 Andrea Barbon , Angelo Ranaldo

Recently, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms on Ethereum are booming, and numerous traders are trying to capitalize on the opportunity for maximizing their benefits by launching front-running attacks and extracting Miner Extractable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Xingyu Lyu , Mengya Zhang , Xiaokuan Zhang , Jianyu Niu , Yinqian Zhang , Zhiqiang Lin

Lending protocols in decentralized finance enable the permissionless exchange of capital from lenders to borrowers without relying on a trusted third party for clearing or market-making. Interest rates are set by the supply and demand of…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-08-17 Lioba Heimbach , Eric Schertenleib , Roger Wattenhofer

This paper examines the impact of reducing Ethereum slot time on decentralized exchange activity, with a focus on CEX-DEX arbitrage behavior. We develop a trading model where the agent's DEX transaction is not guaranteed to land, and the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-05 Aleksei Adadurov , Sergey Barseghyan , Anton Chtepine , Antero Eloranta , Andrei Sebyakin , Arsenii Valitov

Block production on the Ethereum blockchain has adopted an auction-based mechanism known as Proposer--Builder Separation (PBS), where validators outsource block creation to builders competing in MEV--Boost auctions for Maximal Extractable…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Fei Wu , Thomas Thiery , Stefanos Leonardos , Carmine Ventre

This paper analyzes the Execution Tickets proposal on Ethereum Research, unveiling its potential to revolutionize the Ethereum blockchain's economic model. At the core of this proposal lies a novel ticketing mechanism poised to redefine how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jonah Burian

There has been a growing interest in shared sequencing solutions, in which transactions for multiple rollups are processed together. Their proponents argue that these solutions allow for better composability and can potentially increase…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Maria Inês Silva , Benjamin Livshits

Automated Market Maker (AMM)-based Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) are crucial in Decentralized Finance (DeFi), but Ethereum implementations suffer from high transaction costs and price synchronization challenges. To address these…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Walter Hernandez Cruz , Firas Dahi , Yebo Feng , Jiahua Xu , Aanchal Malhotra , Paolo Tasca

On high-throughput, low-fee blockchains, a qualitatively new form of maximal extractable value (MEV) has emerged: searchers submit large volumes of speculative transactions, whose profitability is resolved only at execution time. We refer…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wenhao Wang , Aditya Saraf , Lioba Heimbach , Kushal Babel , Fan Zhang

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has emerged as a new frontier in the design of blockchain systems. In this paper, we propose making the MEV extraction rate as part of the protocol design space. Our aim is to leverage this parameter to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Pedro Braga , Georgios Chionas , Piotr Krysta , Stefanos Leonardos , Georgios Piliouras , Carmine Ventre

Cyclic arbitrage chances exist abundantly among decentralized exchanges (DEXs), like Uniswap V2. For an arbitrage cycle (loop), researchers or practitioners usually choose a specific token, such as Ether as input, and optimize their input…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-06-25 Yu Zhang , Zichen Li , Tao Yan , Qianyu Liu , Nicolo Vallarano , Claudio Tessone

Block space on the blockchain is scarce and must be allocated efficiently through block building. However, Ethereum's current block-building ecosystem, MEV-Boost, has become highly centralized due to integration, which distorts competition,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengqian Zhang , Sen Yang , Kartik Nayak , Fan Zhang

Decentralized finance (DeFi) in Ethereum is a financial ecosystem built on the blockchain that has locked over 200 billion USD until April 2022. All transaction information is transparent and open when transacting through the DeFi protocol,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Wenkai Li , Jiuyang Bu , Xiaoqi Li , Xianyi Chen

Financial speculators often seek to increase their potential gains with leverage. Debt is a popular form of leverage, and with over 39.88B USD of total value locked (TVL), the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) lending markets are thriving.…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-10-04 Kaihua Qin , Liyi Zhou , Pablo Gamito , Philipp Jovanovic , Arthur Gervais

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has the potential to disrupt centralized finance by validating peer-to-peer transactions through tamper-proof smart contracts, thus significantly lowering the transaction cost charged by financial…

General Economics · Economics 2023-12-04 Ziqiao Ao , Lin William Cong , Gergely Horvath , Luyao Zhang