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Masked Language Models (MLMs) have shown superior performances in numerous downstream NLP tasks when used as text encoders. Unfortunately, MLMs also demonstrate significantly worrying levels of social biases. We show that the previously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Masahiro Kaneko , Danushka Bollegala

Masked language modeling (MLM) plays a key role in pretraining large language models. But the MLM objective is often dominated by high-frequency words that are sub-optimal for learning factual knowledge. In this work, we propose an approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Nafis Sadeq , Byungkyu Kang , Prarit Lamba , Julian McAuley

Neural language models (LMs) perform well on tasks that require sensitivity to syntactic structure. Drawing on the syntactic priming paradigm from psycholinguistics, we propose a novel technique to analyze the representations that enable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Grusha Prasad , Marten van Schijndel , Tal Linzen

The success of neural language models (LMs) on many technological tasks has brought about their potential relevance as scientific theories of language despite some clear differences between LM training and child language acquisition. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Héctor Javier Vázquez Martínez , Annika Lea Heuser , Charles Yang , Jordan Kodner

Various types of social biases have been reported with pretrained Masked Language Models (MLMs) in prior work. However, multiple underlying factors are associated with an MLM such as its model size, size of the training data, training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yi Zhou , Jose Camacho-Collados , Danushka Bollegala

Masked Language Models (MLMs) have achieved remarkable success in many self-supervised representation learning tasks. MLMs are trained by randomly masking portions of the input sequences with [MASK] tokens and learning to reconstruct the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kangjie Zheng , Junwei Yang , Siyue Liang , Bin Feng , Zequn Liu , Wei Ju , Zhiping Xiao , Ming Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) excel in high-resource languages but face notable challenges in low-resource languages like Mongolian. This paper addresses these challenges by categorizing capabilities into language abilities (syntax and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Mengyuan Zhang , Ruihui Wang , Bo Xia , Yuan Sun , Xiaobing Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used by software engineers for programming tasks. However, research shows that LLMs often lack a deep understanding of program semantics. Even minor changes to syntax, such as renaming variables, can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Francesca Lucchetti , Arjun Guha

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has shifted language model evaluation toward reasoning and problem-solving tasks as measures of general intelligence. Small Language Models (SLMs) -- defined here as models under 10B parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gabriel Benedict , Matthew Butler , Naved Merchant , Eetu Salama-Laine

We present a systematic review of 337 articles evaluating the syntactic abilities of Transformer-based language models (TLMs), reporting on over 3,000 datapoints spanning a wide range of syntactic phenomena, languages, models, and methods.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Nora Graichen , Iria de-Dios-Flores , Gemma Boleda

Neural networks trained on natural language processing tasks capture syntax even though it is not provided as a supervision signal. This indicates that syntactic analysis is essential to the understating of language in artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Tomasz Limisiewicz , David Mareček

While state-of-the-art neural network models continue to achieve lower perplexity scores on language modeling benchmarks, it remains unknown whether optimizing for broad-coverage predictive performance leads to human-like syntactic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Jennifer Hu , Jon Gauthier , Peng Qian , Ethan Wilcox , Roger P. Levy

While large language models (LLMs) exhibit state-of-the-art performance in various tasks, recent studies have revealed their struggle for code translation. This is because they haven't been extensively pre-trained with parallel multilingual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Qingxiao Tao , Tingrui Yu , Xiaodong Gu , Beijun Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) play a crucial role in capturing structured semantics to enhance language understanding, improve interpretability, and reduce bias. Nevertheless, an ongoing controversy exists over the extent to which LLMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Ning Cheng , Zhaohui Yan , Ziming Wang , Zhijie Li , Jiaming Yu , Zilong Zheng , Kewei Tu , Jinan Xu , Wenjuan Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been reported to have strong performance on natural language processing tasks. However, performance metrics such as accuracy do not measure the quality of the model in terms of its ability to robustly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Emanuele La Malfa , Matthew Wicker , Marta Kwiatkowska

We introduce Speech-IFeval, an evaluation framework designed to assess instruction-following capabilities and quantify catastrophic forgetting in speech-aware language models (SLMs). Recent SLMs integrate speech perception with large…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-27 Ke-Han Lu , Chun-Yi Kuan , Hung-yi Lee

Incorporating stronger syntactic biases into neural language models (LMs) is a long-standing goal, but research in this area often focuses on modeling English text, where constituent treebanks are readily available. Extending constituent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Shunsuke Kando , Hiroshi Noji , Yusuke Miyao

Lack of text data has been the major issue on code-switching language modeling. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning based language model which shares syntax representation of languages to leverage linguistic information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Pretraining NLP models with variants of Masked Language Model (MLM) objectives has recently led to a significant improvements on many tasks. This paper examines the benefits of pretrained models as a function of the number of training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Sinong Wang , Madian Khabsa , Hao Ma

Transformer language models have achieved state-of-the-art performance for a variety of natural language tasks but have been shown to encode unwanted biases. We evaluate the social biases encoded by transformers trained with the masked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Rahul Zalkikar , Kanchan Chandra