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Detecting and rejecting unknown out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is critical for deployed neural networks to void unreliable predictions. In real-world scenarios, however, the efficacy of existing OOD detection methods is often impeded by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Sheng Jin , Chao Chen , Ze Chen , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Jieping Ye

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios. While previous research has predominantly investigated the disparity between in-distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yingwen Wu , Tao Li , Xinwen Cheng , Jie Yang , Xiaolin Huang

Recent advances in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection on image data show that pre-trained neural network classifiers can separate in-distribution (ID) from OOD data well, leveraging the class-discriminative ability of the model itself.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Maximilian Granz , Manuel Heurich , Tim Landgraf

Recent object detectors have achieved impressive accuracy in identifying objects seen during training. However, real-world deployment often introduces novel and unexpected objects, referred to as out-of-distribution (OOD) objects, posing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Quang-Huy Nguyen , Jin Peng Zhou , Zhenzhen Liu , Khanh-Huyen Bui , Kilian Q. Weinberger , Wei-Lun Chao , Dung D. Le

We focus on the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in deep learning models, a crucial aspect in ensuring reliability. Despite considerable effort, the problem remains significantly challenging in deep learning models due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Yunhao Ge , Jie Ren , Jiaping Zhao , Kaifeng Chen , Andrew Gallagher , Laurent Itti , Balaji Lakshminarayanan

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has received broad attention over the years, aiming to ensure the reliability and safety of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios by rejecting incorrect predictions. However, we notice a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yao Zhu , Yuefeng Chen , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , Rongxin Jiang , Bolun Zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical requirement for reliable autonomous driving, where safety depends on recognizing road obstacles and unexpected objects beyond the training distribution. Despite extensive research on OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zizhao Li , Zhengkang Xiang , Jiayang Ao , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

When deployed for risk-sensitive tasks, deep neural networks must be able to detect instances with labels from outside the distribution for which they were trained. In this paper we present a novel framework to benchmark the ability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Ido Galil , Mohammed Dabbah , Ran El-Yaniv

Class incremental learning (CIL) aims to learn a model that can not only incrementally accommodate new classes, but also maintain the learned knowledge of old classes. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in CIL is to retain this incremental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Wenjun Miao , Guansong Pang , Trong-Tung Nguyen , Ruohang Fang , Jin Zheng , Xiao Bai

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies at the heart of robust artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to identify samples from novel distributions beyond the training set. Recent approaches have exploited feature representations as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tarhib Al Azad , Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

The capability of reliably detecting out-of-distribution samples is one of the key factors in deploying a good classifier, as the test distribution always does not match with the training distribution in most real-world applications. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Dongha Lee , Sehun Yu , Hwanjo Yu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has seen significant advancements with zero-shot approaches by leveraging the powerful Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP. However, prior research works have predominantly focused on enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pei-Kang Lee , Jun-Cheng Chen , Ja-Ling Wu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important building block in trustworthy image recognition systems as unknown classes may arise at test-time. OOD detection methods typically revolve around a single classifier, leading to a split in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Gianni Franchi , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied across numerous sequential decision-making problems, their generalization to unforeseen testing environments remains a significant concern. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Linas Nasvytis , Kai Sandbrink , Jakob Foerster , Tim Franzmeyer , Christian Schroeder de Witt

Out-of-distribution (OOD) object detection is an important yet underexplored task. A reliable object detector should be able to handle OOD objects by localizing and correctly classifying them as OOD. However, a critical issue arises when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sadia Ilyas , Annika Mütze , Klaus Friedrichs , Thomas Kurbiel , Matthias Rottmann

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection discerns OOD data where the predictor cannot make valid predictions as in-distribution (ID) data, thereby increasing the reliability of open-world classification. However, it is typically hard to collect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Haotian Zheng , Qizhou Wang , Zhen Fang , Xiaobo Xia , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Despite rapid advances in AI, safety remains the main bottleneck to deploying machine-learning systems. A critical safety component is out-of-distribution detection: given an input, decide whether it comes from the same distribution as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Joonas Järve , Karl Kaspar Haavel , Meelis Kull
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