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Related papers: Fairness in Serving Large Language Models

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Large language model (LLM) inference systems face a fundamental tension between minimizing Time-to-First-Token (TTFT) latency for new requests and maintaining a high, steady token generation rate (low Time-Per-Output-Token, or TPOT) for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Hongtao Lyu , Boyue Liu , Mingyu Wu , Haibo Chen

Large language model (LLM) inference workload dominates a wide variety of modern AI applications, ranging from multi-turn conversation to document analysis. Balancing fairness and efficiency is critical for managing diverse client workloads…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Shiyi Cao , Yichuan Wang , Ziming Mao , Pin-Lun Hsu , Liangsheng Yin , Tian Xia , Dacheng Li , Shu Liu , Yineng Zhang , Yang Zhou , Ying Sheng , Joseph Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Serving numerous users and requests concurrently requires good fairness in Large Language Models (LLMs) serving system. This ensures that, at the same cost, the system can meet the Service Level Objectives (SLOs) of more users , such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Ao Shen , Zhiyao Li , Mingyu Gao

We address the limitations of current LLM serving with a dual-counter framework separating user and operator perspectives. The User Fairness Counter measures quality of service via weighted tokens and latency; the Resource Fairness Counter…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zhixiang Wei , James Yen , Jingyi Chen , Ziyang Zhang , Zhibai Huang , Chen Chen , Xingzi Yu , Yicheng Gu , Chenggang Wu , Yun Wang , Mingyuan Xia , Jie Wu , Hao Wang , Zhengwei Qi

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the output length of an LLM request is typically regarded as not known a priori. Consequently, most LLM serving systems employ a simple First-come-first-serve (FCFS) scheduling strategy, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Yichao Fu , Siqi Zhu , Runlong Su , Aurick Qiao , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

In a multi-tenant large language model (LLM) serving platform hosting diverse applications, some users may submit an excessive number of requests, causing the service to become unavailable to other users and creating unfairness. Existing…

Large language models (LLMs) propel the prosperity of interactive AI applications showcased by ChatGPT that demand timely response of inference services. However, LLM inference is computation intensive and memory intensive, and improper…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Yuqing Yang , Yuedong Xu , Lei Jiao

High-throughput inference serving is essential for applications built on large language models (LLMs). Existing serving frameworks reduce request-level and batch-level bubbles through batching and scheduling, but often overlook bubbles…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Fengyao Bai , Hongbin Zhang , Zhitao Chen , Jiangsu Du , Zhiguang Chen , Yutong Lu

We study offline scheduling for large language model (LLM) serving under a fixed KV-cache memory budget, where requests have heterogeneous prompt (prefill) and response (decode) lengths. Prompt tokens determine initial KV usage, and each…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-11 Meixuan Wang , Yinyu Ye , Zijie Zhou

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the associated dollar costs of API calls can fluctuate over time, potentially invalidating conclusions drawn in prior research. To address this, we propose a Fair Evaluation protocol for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Pavel Rumiantsev , Soumyasundar Pal , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

Large Language Model (LLM) inference, where a trained model generates text one word at a time in response to user prompts, is a computationally intensive process requiring efficient scheduling to optimize latency and resource utilization. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Patrick Jaillet , Jiashuo Jiang , Konstantina Mellou , Marco Molinaro , Chara Podimata , Zijie Zhou

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

When output token counts can be predicted at submission time (Gan et al., 2026), client-side scheduling against a black-box LLM API becomes semi-clairvoyant: decisions condition on coarse token priors even though the provider's internals…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Renzhong Yuan , Yijun Zeng , Xiaosong Gao , Linxi Yu , Haochun Liao , Han Wang

We consider a single large language model (LLM) server that serves a heterogeneous stream of queries belonging to $N$ distinct task types. Queries arrive according to a Poisson process, and each type occurs with a known prior probability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Emre Ozbas , Melih Bastopcu

Interconnection networks of parallel systems are used for servicing traf- fic generated by different applications, often belonging to different users. When multiple traffic flows contend for channel bandwidth, the scheduling algorithm…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Zhuang Wang , Xiao Lv , Mingyu Yan , Wei Yang , Ge Li

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

LLM agents, which often comprise parallel inference tasks, are commonly adopted to solve real-world problems. When serving such task-parallel LLM agents in shared GPU servers, the scheduler is expected to attain fast agent completion with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Mingyan Yang , Guanjie Wang , Manqi Luo , Yifei Liu , Chen Chen , Han Zhao , Yu Feng , Quan Chen , Minyi Guo

Each LLM serving request goes through two phases. The first is prefill which processes the entire input prompt and produces the first output token and the second is decode which generates the rest of output tokens, one-at-a-time. Prefill…

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on inference-time reasoning algorithms such as chain-of-thought and multi-branch reasoning to improve accuracy on complex tasks. These methods, however, substantially increase token usage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weifan Jiang , Rana Shahout , Yilun Du , Michael Mitzenmacher , Minlan Yu

Large language models (LLMs) power a new generation of interactive AI applications exemplified by ChatGPT. The interactive nature of these applications demands low latency for LLM inference. Existing LLM serving systems use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Bingyang Wu , Yinmin Zhong , Zili Zhang , Shengyu Liu , Fangyue Liu , Yuanhang Sun , Gang Huang , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin
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