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We propose a generative model of paraphrase generation, that encourages syntactic diversity by conditioning on an explicit syntactic sketch. We introduce Hierarchical Refinement Quantized Variational Autoencoders (HRQ-VAE), a method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Tom Hosking , Hao Tang , Mirella Lapata

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Vector-quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) are discrete autoencoders that compress images into discrete tokens. However, they are difficult to train due to discretization. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Tongda Xu , Wendi Zheng , Jiajun He , Jose Miguel Hernandez-Lobato , Yan Wang , Ya-Qin Zhang , Jie Tang

Deep neural networks with discrete latent variables offer the promise of better symbolic reasoning, and learning abstractions that are more useful to new tasks. There has been a surge in interest in discrete latent variable models, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Aurko Roy , Ashish Vaswani , Arvind Neelakantan , Niki Parmar

Vector Quantisation (VQ) is experiencing a comeback in machine learning, where it is increasingly used in representation learning. However, optimizing the codevectors in existing VQ-VAE is not entirely trivial. A problem is codebook…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Chuanxia Zheng , Andrea Vedaldi

Variational autoencoder-based voice conversion (VAE-VC) has the advantage of requiring only pairs of speeches and speaker labels for training. Unlike the majority of the research in VAE-VC which focuses on utilizing auxiliary losses or…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Kei Akuzawa , Kotaro Onishi , Keisuke Takiguchi , Kohki Mametani , Koichiro Mori

Successfully training Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) with a hierarchy of discrete latent variables remains an area of active research. Vector-Quantised VAEs are a powerful approach to discrete VAEs, but naive hierarchical extensions can be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-05 Matthew Willetts , Xenia Miscouridou , Stephen Roberts , Chris Holmes

Existing vector quantization (VQ) based autoregressive models follow a two-stage generation paradigm that first learns a codebook to encode images as discrete codes, and then completes generation based on the learned codebook. However, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Mengqi Huang , Zhendong Mao , Zhuowei Chen , Yongdong Zhang

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a well-known technique in deep learning for extracting informative discrete latent representations. VQ-embedded models have shown impressive results in a range of applications including image and speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tanmay Gautam , Reid Pryzant , Ziyi Yang , Chenguang Zhu , Somayeh Sojoudi

Unifying multimodal understanding, generation and reconstruction representation in a single tokenizer remains a key challenge in building unified models. Previous research predominantly attempts to address this in a dual encoder paradigm,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sinan Du , Jiahao Guo , Bo Li , Shuhao Cui , Zhengzhuo Xu , Yifu Luo , Yongxian Wei , Kun Gai , Xinggang Wang , Kai Wu , Chun Yuan

In this paper, I present VQ-DRAW, an algorithm for learning compact discrete representations of data. VQ-DRAW leverages a vector quantization effect to adapt the sequential generation scheme of DRAW to discrete latent variables. I show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Alex Nichol

Neural audio codecs discretize speech via residual vector quantization (RVQ), forming a coarse-to-fine hierarchy across quantizers. While codec models have been explored for representation learning, their discrete structure remains…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jinyang Wu , Zihan Pan , Qiquan Zhang , Sailor Hardik Bhupendra , Soumik Mondal

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key technique in high-resolution and high-fidelity image synthesis, which aims to learn a codebook to encode an image with a sequence of discrete codes and then generate an image in an auto-regression manner.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Guotao Liang , Baoquan Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Xutao Li , Yunming Ye , Huaibin Wang , Chuyao Luo , Kola Ye , linfeng Luo

Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAEs) leverage self-supervised learning through reconstruction tasks to represent continuous vectors using the closest vectors in a codebook. However, issues such as codebook collapse persist in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Hong-Kai Zheng , Piji Li

The Variational Autoencoder (VAE) has proven to be an effective model for producing semantically meaningful latent representations for natural data. However, it has thus far seen limited application to sequential data, and, as we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Adam Roberts , Jesse Engel , Colin Raffel , Curtis Hawthorne , Douglas Eck

In this paper, we explore vector quantization for acoustic unit discovery. Leveraging unlabelled data, we aim to learn discrete representations of speech that separate phonetic content from speaker-specific details. We propose two neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-20 Benjamin van Niekerk , Leanne Nortje , Herman Kamper

A major challenge in quantum computing is its application to large real-world datasets due to scarce quantum hardware resources. One approach to enabling tractable quantum models for such datasets involves finding low-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-11 Gaoyuan Wang , Jonathan Warrell , Prashant S. Emani , Mark Gerstein

Uncovering emergent concepts across transformer layers remains a significant challenge because the residual stream linearly mixes and duplicates information, obscuring how features evolve within large language models. Current research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Ankur Garg , Xuemin Yu , Hassan Sajjad , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

The variational auto-encoder (VAE) is a popular method for learning a generative model and embeddings of the data. Many real datasets are hierarchically structured. However, traditional VAEs map data in a Euclidean latent space which cannot…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-27 Emile Mathieu , Charline Le Lan , Chris J. Maddison , Ryota Tomioka , Yee Whye Teh

For autoregressive (AR) modeling of high-resolution images, vector quantization (VQ) represents an image as a sequence of discrete codes. A short sequence length is important for an AR model to reduce its computational costs to consider…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Doyup Lee , Chiheon Kim , Saehoon Kim , Minsu Cho , Wook-Shin Han