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This paper considers a novel multi-agent linear stochastic approximation algorithm driven by Markovian noise and general consensus-type interaction, in which each agent evolves according to its local stochastic approximation process which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Yixuan Lin , Vijay Gupta , Ji Liu

In this paper, we analyze the two time-scale stochastic approximation (TTSSA) algorithm introduced in Borkar (1997) using a martingale approach. This approach leads to simple sufficient conditions for the iterations to be bounded almost…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Mathukumalli Vidyasagar

One of the most basic problems in reinforcement learning (RL) is policy evaluation: estimating the long-term return, i.e., value function, corresponding to a given fixed policy. The celebrated Temporal Difference (TD) learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Sreejeet Maity , Aritra Mitra

This paper proposes to develop a new variant of the two-time-scale stochastic approximation to find the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators, assuming only noisy samples of these operators can be observed. Our key idea is to leverage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-25 Thinh T. Doan

This work analyzes the stochastic approximation algorithm with non-decaying gains as applied in time-varying problems. The setting is to minimize a sequence of scalar-valued loss functions $f_k(\cdot)$ at sampling times $\tau_k$ or to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-18 Jingyi Zhu

In this paper, we introduce a new approach to proving the convergence of the Stochastic Approximation (SA) and the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithms. The new approach is based on a concept called GSLLN (Generalized Strong Law of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar , Bhamidi Visweswara Rao , Mathukumalli Vidyasagar

This paper studies linear stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms and their application to multi-agent systems in engineering and sociology. As main contribution, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of linear SA…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-07 Ge Chen , Xiaoming Duan , Wenjun Mei , Francesco Bullo

This paper proposes an identification algorithm for Single Input Single Output (SISO) Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems. In the noise-free setting, where the first $T$ Markov parameters can be precisely estimated, all Markov parameters…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-12 Jiayun Li , Yilin Mo

This paper studies the performative prediction problem which optimizes a stochastic loss function with data distribution that depends on the decision variable. We consider a setting where the agent(s) provides samples adapted to the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-05 Qiang Li , Hoi-To Wai

In two-time-scale stochastic approximation (SA), two iterates are updated at different rates, governed by distinct step sizes, with each update influencing the other. Previous studies have demonstrated that the convergence rates of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuze Han , Xiang Li , Jiadong Liang , Zhihua Zhang

Stochastic approximation (SA) is a classical approach for stochastic convex optimization. Previous studies have demonstrated that the convergence rate of SA can be improved by introducing either smoothness or strong convexity condition. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Lijun Zhang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

We study stochastic approximation algorithms with Markovian noise and constant step-size $\alpha$. We develop a method based on infinitesimal generator comparisons to study the bias of the algorithm, which is the expected difference between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-28 Sebastian Allmeier , Nicolas Gast

``Localization'' has proven to be a valuable tool in the Statistical Learning literature as it allows sharp risk bounds in terms of the problem geometry. Localized bounds seem to be much less exploited in the Stochastic Optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-30 Roberto I. Oliveira , Philip Thompson

We present the first uniform-in-time high-probability bound for SGD under the PL condition, where the gradient noise contains both Markovian and martingale difference components. This significantly broadens the scope of finite-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Avik Kar , Siddharth Chandak , Rahul Singh , Eric Moulines , Shalabh Bhatnagar , Nicholas Bambos

We study a stochastically perturbed version of the well-known Krasnoselski--Mann iteration for computing fixed points of nonexpansive maps in finite dimensional normed spaces. We discuss sufficient conditions on the stochastic noise and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-04 Mario Bravo , Roberto Cominetti

Stochastic approximation is a class of algorithms that update a vector iteratively, incrementally, and stochastically, including, e.g., stochastic gradient descent and temporal difference learning. One fundamental challenge in analyzing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Shuze Daniel Liu , Shuhang Chen , Shangtong Zhang

This paper investigates the stability and convergence properties of asynchronous stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms, with a focus on extensions relevant to average-reward reinforcement learning. We first extend a stability proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Huizhen Yu , Yi Wan , Richard S. Sutton

This paper presents uniform-in-time finite-sample bounds for regularized linear regression with vector-valued outputs and conditionally zero-mean subgaussian noise. By revisiting classical self-normalized martingale arguments, we obtain…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Léo Simpson , Katrin Baumgärtner , Johannes Köhler , Moritz Diehl

In reinforcement learning (RL), temporal difference (TD) errors are widely adopted for optimizing value and policy functions. However, since the TD error is defined by a bootstrap method, its computation tends to be noisy and destabilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Taisuke Kobayashi

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is fundamental for training deep neural networks, especially in non-convex settings. Understanding SGD's generalization properties is crucial for ensuring robust model performance on unseen data. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-24 Wenjun Xiong , Juan Ding , Xinlei Zuo , Qizhai Li
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