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Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces a critical challenge: the joint action space grows exponentially with the number of agents, making dataset coverage exponentially sparse and out-of-distribution (OOD) joint actions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yue Jin , Giovanni Montana

Many real-world decision problems involve the interaction of multiple self-interested agents with limited sensing ability. The partially observable stochastic game (POSG) provides a mathematical framework for modeling these problems,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Tyler Becker , Zachary Sunberg

High sample complexity remains a barrier to the application of reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in multi-agent systems. A large body of work has demonstrated that exploration mechanisms based on the principle of optimism under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Robert Loftin , Aadirupa Saha , Sam Devlin , Katja Hofmann

This paper introduces LLM-MARL, a unified framework that incorporates large language models (LLMs) into multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to enhance coordination, communication, and generalization in simulated game environments. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhengyang Li , Sawyer Campos , Nana Wang

Large agent networks are abundant in applications and nature and pose difficult challenges in the field of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) due to their computational and theoretical complexity. While graphon mean field games and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Christian Fabian , Kai Cui , Heinz Koeppl

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is typically formalised as a Decentralised Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP), where agents must reason about the environment and other agents' behaviour. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Kale-ab Abebe Tessera , Leonard Hinckeldey , Riccardo Zamboni , David Abel , Amos Storkey

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has become a classic paradigm to solve diverse, intelligent control tasks like autonomous driving in Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, the widely assumed existence of a central node to implement…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Xiaoxue Yu , Rongpeng Li , Fei Wang , Chenghui Peng , Chengchao Liang , Zhifeng Zhao , Honggang Zhang

Learning cooperative multi-agent policies directly from high-dimensional, multimodal sensory inputs like pixels and audio (from pixels) is notoriously sample-inefficient. Model-free Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sureyya Akin , Kavita Srivastava , Prateek B. Kapoor , Pradeep G. Sethi , Sunita Q. Patel , Rahu Srivastava

Incorporating inductive biases is a promising approach for tackling challenging robot learning domains with sample-efficient solutions. This paper identifies partially observable domains where symmetries can be a useful inductive bias for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Hai Nguyen , Andrea Baisero , David Klee , Dian Wang , Robert Platt , Christopher Amato

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a widely used technique for optimization in decentralised control problems. However, most applications of MARL are in static environments, and are not suitable when agent behaviour and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Andrei Marinescu , Ivana Dusparic , Adam Taylor , Vinny Cahill , Siobhán Clarke

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the permutation problem where the state space grows exponentially with the number of agents reduces sample efficiency. Additionally, many existing architectures struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hyunwoo Park , Baekryun Seong , Sang-Ki Ko

In Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), multiple agents interact with a common environment, as also with each other, for solving a shared problem in sequential decision-making. It has wide-ranging applications in gaming, robotics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Gugan Thoppe , Bhumesh Kumar

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is increasingly used to design learning-enabled agents that interact in shared environments. However, training MARL algorithms in general-sum games remains challenging: learning dynamics can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Addison Kalanther , Sanika Bharvirkar , Shankar Sastry , Chinmay Maheshwari

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a growing research area which gained significant traction in recent years, extending Deep RL applications to a much wider range of problems. A particularly challenging class of problems in this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Charles Dansereau , Junior-Samuel Lopez-Yepez , Karthik Soma , Antoine Fagette

Various methods for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have been developed with the assumption that agents' policies are based on accurate state information. However, policies learned through Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Songyang Han , Sanbao Su , Sihong He , Shuo Han , Haizhao Yang , Shaofeng Zou , Fei Miao

Symbolic regression plays a crucial role in modern scientific research thanks to its capability of discovering concise and interpretable mathematical expressions from data. A key challenge lies in the search for parsimonious and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Kai Ruan , Yilong Xu , Ze-Feng Gao , Yike Guo , Hao Sun , Ji-Rong Wen , Yang Liu

We introduce a kind of partial observability to the projective simulation (PS) learning method. It is done by adding a belief projection operator and an observability parameter to the original framework of the efficiency of the PS model. I…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Rasoul Kheiri

We study the problem of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with adaptivity constraints -- a new problem motivated by real-world applications where deployments of new policies are costly and the number of policy updates must be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Dan Qiao , Yu-Xiang Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved remarkable success in various challenging problems. Meanwhile, more and more benchmarks have emerged and provided some standards to evaluate the algorithms in different fields. On the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Guangzheng Hu , Haoran Li , Shasha Liu , Mingjun Ma , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

We propose a novel cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approach for networked agents. In contrast to previous methods that rely on complete state information or joint observations, our agents must learn how to reach shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Guilherme S. Varela , Alberto Sardinha , Francisco S. Melo