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This paper is concerned with evaluating different multiagent learning (MAL) algorithms in problems where individual agents may be heterogenous, in the sense of utilizing different learning strategies, without the opportunity for prior…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Stefano V. Albrecht , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

A key goal of ad hoc teamwork is to develop a learning agent that cooperates with unknown teams, without resorting to any pre-coordination protocol. Despite a vast number of ad hoc teamwork algorithms in the literature, most of them cannot…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Alexandre Neves , Alberto Sardinha

Large language model agents that interact with PC applications often face limitations due to their singular mode of interaction with real-world environments, leading to restricted versatility and frequent hallucinations. To address this, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Zirui Song , Yaohang Li , Meng Fang , Yanda Li , Zhenhao Chen , Zecheng Shi , Yuan Huang , Xiuying Chen , Ling Chen

In this paper, we present a novel framework for enhancing the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by leveraging the power of multi-agent systems. Our framework introduces a collaborative environment where multiple intelligent agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yashar Talebirad , Amirhossein Nadiri

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in general natural language processing tasks but often fall short in complex reasoning tasks. Recent studies have explored human-like problem-solving strategies, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zhenran Xu , Senbao Shi , Baotian Hu , Jindi Yu , Dongfang Li , Min Zhang , Yuxiang Wu

As Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly employed in intricate social environments, a pressing query emerges: Can these NLP systems mirror human-esque collaborative intelligence, in a multi-agent society consisting of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jintian Zhang , Xin Xu , Ningyu Zhang , Ruibo Liu , Bryan Hooi , Shumin Deng

Multi-agent systems built from teams of large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for collaborative scientific reasoning and problem-solving. These systems require agents to coordinate under shared constraints, such as GPUs or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shivani Kumar , Adarsh Bharathwaj , David Jurgens

Language Model (LM)-based agents remain largely untested in mixed-motive settings where agents must leverage short-term cooperation for long-term competitive goals (e.g., multi-party politics). We introduce Cooperate to Compete (C2C), a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Abigail O'Neill , Alan Zhu , Mihran Miroyan , Narges Norouzi , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Visual navigation tasks are critical for household service robots. As these tasks become increasingly complex, effective communication and collaboration among multiple robots become imperative to ensure successful completion. In recent…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pengying Wu , Yao Mu , Kangjie Zhou , Ji Ma , Junting Chen , Chang Liu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, understanding their cooperation and social mechanisms is becoming increasingly important. In particular, how LLMs balance self-interest and collective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 David Guzman Piedrahita , Yongjin Yang , Mrinmaya Sachan , Giorgia Ramponi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Existing LLMs exhibit remarkable performance on various NLP tasks, but still struggle with complex real-world tasks, even equipped with advanced strategies like CoT and ReAct. In this work, we propose the CoAct framework, which transfers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Xinming Hou , Mingming Yang , Wenxiang Jiao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Wayne Xin Zhao

Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems are increasingly deployed as interacting agent societies, yet scaling these systems often yields diminishing or unstable returns, the causes of which remain poorly understood. We present the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Kavana Venkatesh , Jiaming Cui

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in handling simple games with imperfect information and enabling multi-agent coordination, but their ability to facilitate practical collaboration against other agents in complex, imperfect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yauwai Yim , Chunkit Chan , Tianyu Shi , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yangqiu Song

Recent studies show that LLMs possess different skills and specialize in different tasks. In fact, we observe that their varied performance occur in several levels of granularity. For example, in the code optimization task, code LLMs excel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuanzhe Liu , Ryan Deng , Tim Kaler , Xuhao Chen , Charles E. Leiserson , Yao Ma , Jie Chen

Current approaches to learning cooperative multi-agent behaviors assume relatively restrictive settings. In standard fully cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, the learning algorithm controls $\textit{all}$ agents in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Caroline Wang , Arrasy Rahman , Ishan Durugkar , Elad Liebman , Peter Stone

Human culture relies on collective innovation: our ability to continuously explore how existing elements in our environment can be combined to create new ones. Language is hypothesized to play a key role in human culture, driving individual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Eleni Nisioti , Sebastian Risi , Ida Momennejad , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer , Clément Moulin-Frier

AI agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advances, enabling them to assist humans in diverse complex tasks and leading to a revolution in human-AI coordination. LLM-powered agents typically require invoking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Jijia Liu , Chao Yu , Jiaxuan Gao , Yuqing Xie , Qingmin Liao , Yi Wu , Yu Wang

LLMs-based agents increasingly operate in multi-agent environments where strategic interaction and coordination are required. While existing work has largely focused on individual agents or on interacting agents sharing explicit…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alessio Buscemi , Daniele Proverbio , Alessandro Di Stefano , The-Anh Han , German Castignani , Pietro Liò

Dialogue agents that support human users in solving complex tasks have received much attention recently. Many such tasks are NP-hard optimization problems that require careful collaborative exploration of the solution space. We introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Isidora Jeknic , Alex Duchnowski , Alexander Koller

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great abilities in various tasks, including question answering, arithmetic problem solving, and poem writing, among others. Although research on LLM-as-an-agent has shown that LLM can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Chuanneng Sun , Songjun Huang , Dario Pompili