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Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong reasoning capabilities when fine-tuned with reinforcement learning (RL). However, such methods require extensive data and compute, making them impractical under many realistic training budgets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Dai Do , Manh Nguyen , Svetha Venkatesh , Hung Le

When reading long-form text, human cognition is complex and structurized. While large language models (LLMs) process input contexts through a causal and sequential perspective, this approach can potentially limit their ability to handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Chao Chen , Wei Zhang , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Yue Wu , Jieping Ye

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant improvements across a variety of tasks, one of which is the long-context capability. The key to improving long-context performance lies in effective data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Keer Lu , Xiaonan Nie , Zheng Liang , Da Pan , Shusen Zhang , Keshi Zhao , Weipeng Chen , Zenan Zhou , Guosheng Dong , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they face challenges in managing long documents and extended conversations, due to significantly increased computational requirements, both in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yucheng Li , Bo Dong , Chenghua Lin , Frank Guerin

Long-context modelling for large language models (LLMs) has been a key area of recent research because many real world use cases require reasoning over longer inputs such as documents. The focus of research into modelling long context has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Wenhao Zhu , Pinzhen Chen , Hanxu Hu , Shujian Huang , Fei Yuan , Jiajun Chen , Alexandra Birch

Large language models (LMs) are currently trained to predict tokens given document prefixes, enabling them to directly perform long-form generation and prompting-style tasks which can be reduced to document completion. Existing pretraining…

Large language models (LLMs) have received significant attention by achieving remarkable performance across various tasks. However, their fixed context length poses challenges when processing long documents or maintaining extended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Yucheng Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, more are being designed to handle long-context inputs. Despite this advancement, most of them still face challenges in accurately handling long-context tasks, often showing the "lost in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yijiong Yu , Yongfeng Huang , Zhixiao Qi , Zhe Zhou

Large language models have exhibited intriguing in-context learning capability, achieving promising zero- and few-shot performance without updating the parameters. However, conventional in-context learning is usually restricted by length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Yaru Hao , Yutao Sun , Li Dong , Zhixiong Han , Yuxian Gu , Furu Wei

Long context understanding remains challenging for large language models due to their limited context windows. This paper introduces Long Input Fine-Tuning (LIFT) for long context modeling, a novel framework that enhances LLM performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yansheng Mao , Jiaqi Li , Fanxu Meng , Jing Xiong , Zilong Zheng , Muhan Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer have been widely applied in the filed of natural language processing (NLP), demonstrating strong performance, particularly in handling short text tasks. However, when it comes to long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yijun Liu , Jinzheng Yu , Yang Xu , Zhongyang Li , Qingfu Zhu

We study continued training and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of a language model (LM) to make effective use of long-context information. We first establish a reliable evaluation protocol to guide model development -- instead of perplexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Tianyu Gao , Alexander Wettig , Howard Yen , Danqi Chen

Longitudinal NLP tasks require reasoning over temporally ordered text to detect persistence and change in human behavior and opinions. However, in-context learning with large language models struggles on tasks where models must integrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Iqra Ali , Talia Tseriotou , Mahmud Elahi Akhter , Yuxiang Zhou , Maria Liakata

Long-context reasoning is essential for complex real-world applications, yet remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite the rapid evolution in long-context reasoning, current research often overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yanling Xiao , Huaibing Xie , Guoliang Zhao , Shihan Dou , Shaolei Wang , Yiting Liu , Nantao Zheng , Cheng Zhang , Pluto Zhou , Zhisong Zhang , Lemao Liu

As model context lengths continue to increase, the number of demonstrations that can be provided in-context approaches the size of entire training datasets. We study the behavior of in-context learning (ICL) at this extreme scale on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Amanda Bertsch , Maor Ivgi , Emily Xiao , Uri Alon , Jonathan Berant , Matthew R. Gormley , Graham Neubig

Extending large language models to effectively handle long contexts requires instruction fine-tuning on input sequences of similar length. To address this, we present LongAlign -- a recipe of the instruction data, training, and evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Yushi Bai , Xin Lv , Jiajie Zhang , Yuze He , Ji Qi , Lei Hou , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong , Juanzi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used as general-purpose AI agents showing comparable performance on many downstream tasks. However, existing work shows that it is challenging for LLMs to integrate structured data (e.g. KG,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Younghun Lee , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Xiang Chen

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

Advancements in distributed training and efficient attention mechanisms have significantly expanded the context window sizes of large language models (LLMs). However, recent work reveals that the effective context lengths of open-source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Chenxin An , Jun Zhang , Ming Zhong , Lei Li , Shansan Gong , Yao Luo , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong

The adoption of long context windows has become a standard feature in Large Language Models (LLMs), as extended contexts significantly enhance their capacity for complex reasoning and broaden their applicability across diverse scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Wenxuan Li , Chengruidong Zhang , Huiqiang Jiang , Yucheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu
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