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We find that the way we choose to represent data labels can have a profound effect on the quality of trained models. For example, training an image classifier to regress audio labels rather than traditional categorical probabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Boyuan Chen , Yu Li , Sunand Raghupathi , Hod Lipson

Recently, the usefulness of self-supervised representation learning (SSRL) methods has been confirmed in various downstream tasks. Many of these models, as exemplified by HuBERT and WavLM, use pseudo-labels generated from spectral features…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Takashi Maekaku , Jiatong Shi , Xuankai Chang , Yuya Fujita , Shinji Watanabe

Over the past two decades, speech emotion recognition (SER) has received growing attention. To train SER systems, researchers collect emotional speech databases annotated by crowdsourced or in-house raters who select emotions from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Huang-Cheng Chou , Chi-Chun Lee

We present a systematic investigation of layer-wise BERT activations for general-purpose text representations to understand what linguistic information they capture and how transferable they are across different tasks. Sentence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Xiaofei Ma , Zhiguo Wang , Patrick Ng , Ramesh Nallapati , Bing Xiang

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) has significant potential for mobile applications, yet deployment remains constrained by the computational demands of state-of-the-art transformer architectures. This paper presents a mobile-efficient SER…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Saifelden M. Ismail

In this paper, we propose Stacked DeBERT, short for Stacked Denoising Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. This novel model improves robustness in incomplete data, when compared to existing systems, by designing a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Gwenaelle Cunha Sergio , Minho Lee

The lack of data and the difficulty of multimodal fusion have always been challenges for multimodal emotion recognition (MER). In this paper, we propose to use pretrained models as upstream network, wav2vec 2.0 for audio modality and BERT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Dekai Sun , Yancheng He , Jiqing Han

The performance of sentiment analysis methods has greatly increased in recent years. This is due to the use of various models based on the Transformer architecture, in particular BERT. However, deep neural network models are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Anastasia Kotelnikova , Danil Paschenko , Klavdiya Bochenina , Evgeny Kotelnikov

Inducing semantic representations directly from speech signals is a highly challenging task but has many useful applications in speech mining and spoken language understanding. This study tackles the unsupervised learning of semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Jian Zhu , Zuoyu Tian , Yadong Liu , Cong Zhang , Chia-wen Lo

Pre-training a transformer-based model for the language modeling task in a large dataset and then fine-tuning it for downstream tasks has been found very useful in recent years. One major advantage of such pre-trained language models is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Xiangji Huang

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has made great strides recently. SSL speech models achieve decent performance on a wide range of downstream tasks, suggesting that they extract different aspects of information from speech. However, how SSL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Chi-Luen Feng , Po-chun Hsu , Hung-yi Lee

Estimation of semantic similarity is an important research problem both in natural language processing and the natural language understanding, and that has tremendous application on various downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 R. Prashanth

There have been numerous attempts to represent raw data as numerical vectors that effectively capture semantic and contextual information. However, in the field of symbolic music, previous works have attempted to validate their music…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Sangjun Han , Hyeongrae Ihm , Woohyung Lim

Sentiment analysis can provide a suitable lead for the tools used in software engineering along with the API recommendation systems and relevant libraries to be used. In this context, the existing tools like SentiCR, SentiStrength-SE, etc.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Himanshu Batra , Narinder Singh Punn , Sanjay Kumar Sonbhadra , Sonali Agarwal

This study compares the effectiveness and robustness of multi-class categorization of Amazon product data using transfer learning on pre-trained contextualized language models. Specifically, we fine-tuned BERT and XLNet, two bidirectional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-24 Xinyi Liu , Artit Wangperawong

Recently, the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model has attracted much attention in the field of natural language processing, owing to its high performance in language understanding-related tasks. The BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Kazuki Miyazawa , Tatsuya Aoki , Takato Horii , Takayuki Nagai

Semantic representations of text, i.e. representations of natural language which capture meaning by geometry, are essential for areas such as information retrieval and document grouping. High-dimensional trained dense vectors have received…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Beatrix M. G. Nielsen , Lars Kai Hansen

In this work, we examine the extent to which embeddings may encode marginalized populations differently, and how this may lead to a perpetuation of biases and worsened performance on clinical tasks. We pretrain deep embedding models (BERT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Haoran Zhang , Amy X. Lu , Mohamed Abdalla , Matthew McDermott , Marzyeh Ghassemi

In this paper, we investigate the usage of autoencoders in modeling textual data. Traditional autoencoders suffer from at least two aspects: scalability with the high dimensionality of vocabulary size and dealing with task-irrelevant words.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-15 Shuangfei Zhai , Zhongfei Zhang

Self-supervised pre-trained speech models were shown effective for various downstream speech processing tasks. Since they are mainly pre-trained to map input speech to pseudo-labels, the resulting representations are only effective for the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-09 Jingru Lin , Meng Ge , Wupeng Wang , Haizhou Li , Mengling Feng