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This paper investigates the maximum achievable downlink spectral efficiency of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Spectral efficiency is defined here as the total network sum rate per unit bandwidth per unit area of Earth's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Cuneyd Ozturk , Dongning Guo , Randall A. Berry , Michael L. Honig

The design and comparison of satellite-terrestrial routing (STR) and inter-satellite routing (ISR) in low Earth orbit satellite constellations is a widely discussed topic. The signal propagation distance under STR is generally longer than…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Ruibo Wang , Mustafa A. Kishk , Howard H. Yang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve truly global connectivity. A distinctive characteristic of LEO mega constellations is that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Fabio Saggese , Lintao Li , Petar Popovski

Laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) of low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations enable high-capacity backbone connectivity in non-terrestrial networks, but their management is challenged by limited laser communication terminals, mechanical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Zhouyou Gu , Jinho Choi , Tony Q. S. Quek , Jihong Park

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as one of the important components of the sixth-generation (6G) non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to provide ubiquitous connectivity. Due to the low orbit altitude…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ming Ying , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Zhaoyang Zhang

Interplanetary links (IPL) serve as crucial enablers for space exploration, facilitating secure and adaptable space missions. An integrated IPL with inter-satellite communication (IP-ISL) establishes a unified deep space network, expanding…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-29 Eray Guven , Pablo Camacho , Elham Baladi , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Optical inter-satellite links (ISLs) are becoming the principal communication backbone in modern large-scale LEO constellations, offering multi-Gb/s capacity and near speed-of-light latency. However, the extreme sensitivity of optical beams…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Rula Ammuri , Mazen Hasna , Khalid Qaraqe

The design and launch of large-scale satellite networks create an imminent demand for efficient and delay-minimising routing methods. With the rising number of satellites in such constellations, pre-computing all shortest routes between all…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns

The growth of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband satellite megaconstellations is rapidly increasing the number of rocket launches. While improving broadband Internet helps achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there are also…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Ogutu B. Osoro , Edward J. Oughton , Andrew R. Wilson , Akhil Rao

The performance of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) networks, which consist of thousands of satellites interconnected by optical links, is dependent on its network topology. Existing topology designs often assume idealized conditions and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Muaz Ali , Beichuan Zhang

Due to their low latency, high capacity, and seamless worldwide coverage, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are essential to the equal access network. Stochastic geometry (SG) is an appropriate method for such a large and irregular system.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Yanbo Cao , Derui Gao , Jingyu Xu

The emergence of mega-constellations of interconnected satellites has a major impact on the integration of cellular wireless and non-terrestrial networks, while simultaneously offering previously inconceivable data gathering capabilities.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nasrin Razmi , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are emerging as a key component of non-terrestrial networks due to their low-latency and high-capacity communication capabilities. However, satellites in these orbits are characterized by a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo , Miguel Villanueva-Fernández , Preben Mogensen

Mega-constellations of small-size Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are currently planned and deployed by various private and public entities. While global connectivity is the main rationale, these constellations also offer the potential to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Nasrin Razmi , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are rapidly becoming essential enablers of next-generation wireless systems, offering global broadband access, high-precision localization, and reliable sensing beyond terrestrial coverage.…

In practice, low Earth orbit (LEO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite networks consist of multiple orbits which are populated with many satellites. A widely used spatial architecture for LEO or MEO satellites is the Walker…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Chang-Sik Choi , Francois Baccelli

In recent years, Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations have emerged as a promising network technology and have ushered in a new era for democratizing Internet access. The Starlink network from SpaceX stands out as the only…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Nitinder Mohan , Andrew Ferguson , Hendrik Cech , Prakita Rayyan Renatin , Rohan Bose , Mahesh Marina , Jörg Ott

In this paper, we propose a terrestrial-satellite network (TSN) architecture to integrate the ultra-dense low earth orbit (LEO) networks and the terrestrial networks to achieve efficient data offloading. In TSN, each ground user can access…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Lingyang Song , Yonghui Li , Geoffrey Ye Li

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks have the potential to provide low-latency communication with global coverage. To unleash this potential, it is crucial to achieve efficient packet delivery. In this paper, we propose a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Hefan Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Shan Zhang , Qingkai Meng , Hongbin Luo

Providing truly ubiquitous connectivity requires development of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet, whose theoretical study is lagging behind network-specific simulations. In this paper, we derive analytical expressions for the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-26 Niloofar Okati , Taneli Riihonen