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This systematic review examines how machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have transformed forecasting, decision-making, and financial modelling, promoting innovation and efficiency in financial systems. Following PRISMA 2020…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-26 Soufiane El Amine El Alami , Abderazzak Mouiha , Abdelatif Hafid , Ahmed El Hilali Alaoui

We introduce the first end-to-end Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based framework for active high frequency trading in the stock market. We train DRL agents to trade one unit of Intel Corporation stock by employing the Proximal Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Antonio Briola , Jeremy Turiel , Riccardo Marcaccioli , Alvaro Cauderan , Tomaso Aste

We employ deep reinforcement learning (RL) to train an agent to successfully translate a high-frequency trading signal into a trading strategy that places individual limit orders. Based on the ABIDES limit order book simulator, we build a…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-27 Peer Nagy , Jan-Peter Calliess , Stefan Zohren

Machine Learning algorithms and Neural Networks are widely applied to many different areas such as stock market prediction, face recognition and population analysis. This paper will introduce a strategy based on the classic Deep…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-03-16 Ziming Gao , Yuan Gao , Yi Hu , Zhengyong Jiang , Jionglong Su

Quantitative investment is a fundamental financial task that highly relies on accurate stock prediction and profitable investment decision making. Despite recent advances in deep learning (DL) have shown stellar performance on capturing…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-07-18 Shuo Sun , Rundong Wang , Bo An

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can learn complex policies to optimize agent operation over time. RL algorithms have shown promising results in solving complicated problems in recent years. However, their application on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Hamed Khorasgani , Haiyan Wang , Chetan Gupta , Susumu Serita

Classical portfolio optimization often requires forecasting asset returns and their corresponding variances in spite of the low signal-to-noise ratio provided in the financial markets. Modern deep reinforcement learning (DRL) offers a…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-19 Alessio Brini , Daniele Tantari

We introduce a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach for solving management problems including inventory management, dynamic pricing, and recommendation. This DRL approach has the potential to lead to a large management model based on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinyang Jiang , Xiaotian Liu , Tao Ren , Qinghao Wang , Yi Zheng , Yufu Du , Yijie Peng , Cheng Zhang

With the fast development of quantitative portfolio optimization in financial engineering, lots of AI-based algorithmic trading strategies have demonstrated promising results, among which reinforcement learning begins to manifest…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-10 Huifang Huang , Ting Gao , Pengbo Li , Jin Guo , Peng Zhang , Nan Du

With the application of artificial intelligence in the financial field, quantitative trading is considered to be profitable. Based on this, this paper proposes an improved deep recurrent DRQN-ARBR model because the existing quantitative…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-12-01 Peng Zhou , Jingling Tang

Reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have shown great success in many challenging quantitative trading tasks, such as portfolio management and algorithmic trading. Especially, intraday trading is one of the most profitable and risky tasks…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-08-23 Shuo Sun , Wanqi Xue , Rundong Wang , Xu He , Junlei Zhu , Jian Li , Bo An

Portfolio traders strive to identify dynamic portfolio allocation schemes so that their total budgets are efficiently allocated through the investment horizon. This study proposes a novel portfolio trading strategy in which an intelligent…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2019-12-02 Hyungjun Park , Min Kyu Sim , Dong Gu Choi

Algorithmic trading requires short-term tactical decisions consistent with long-term financial objectives. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been applied to such problems, but adoption is limited by myopic behaviour and opaque policies. Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Adam Darmanin , Vince Vella

Algorithmic trading refers to executing buy and sell orders for specific assets based on automatically identified trading opportunities. Strategies based on reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-03 Xi Cheng , Jinghao Zhang , Yunan Zeng , Wenfang Xue

Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in adopting deep neural networks to enhance the performance of conventional reinforcement learning. A notable milestone was the development of Deep Q-Networks (DQN), which achieved…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Klinsmann Agyei , Pouria Sarhadi , Daniel Polani

Embodied agents, such as robots and virtual characters, must continuously select actions to execute tasks effectively, solving complex sequential decision-making problems. Given the difficulty of designing such controllers manually,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Pedro Santana

Much research has been done to analyze the stock market. After all, if one can determine a pattern in the chaotic frenzy of transactions, then they could make a hefty profit from capitalizing on these insights. As such, the goal of our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ziyi Zhou , Nicholas Stern , Julien Laasri

As deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been recognized as an effective approach in quantitative finance, getting hands-on experiences is attractive to beginners. However, to train a practical DRL trading agent that decides where to trade,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-03-03 Xiao-Yang Liu , Hongyang Yang , Qian Chen , Runjia Zhang , Liuqing Yang , Bowen Xiao , Christina Dan Wang

Over the past decades, researchers have been pushing the limits of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Although DRL has attracted substantial interest from practitioners, many are blocked by having to search through a plethora of available…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-05 Sophia Gu

Algorithmic trading has gained attention due to its potential for generating superior returns. This paper investigates the effectiveness of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods in algorithmic commodities trading. It formulates the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-06 Jonas Hanetho