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Neural network based approximate computing is a universal architecture promising to gain tremendous energy-efficiency for many error resilient applications. To guarantee the approximation quality, existing works deploy two neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Zhenghao Peng , Xuyang Chen , Chengwen Xu , Naifeng Jing , Xiaoyao Liang , Cewu Lu , Li Jiang

The universal approximation theorem, in one of its most general versions, says that if we consider only continuous activation functions $\sigma$, then a standard feedforward neural network with one hidden layer is able to approximate any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Kai Fong Ernest Chong

Deep learning architectures are highly diverse. To prove their universal approximation properties, existing works typically rely on model-specific proofs. Generally, they construct a dedicated mathematical formulation for each architecture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Wei Wang

We identify various classes of neural networks that are able to approximate continuous functions locally uniformly subject to fixed global linear growth constraints. For such neural networks the associated neural stochastic differential…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-24 Anna P. Kwossek , David J. Prömel , Josef Teichmann

Overparameterized neural networks enjoy great representation power on complex data, and more importantly yield sufficiently smooth output, which is crucial to their generalization and robustness. Most existing function approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Hao Liu , Minshuo Chen , Siawpeng Er , Wenjing Liao , Tong Zhang , Tuo Zhao

The study of universal approximation of arbitrary functions $f: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ by neural networks has a rich and thorough history dating back to Kolmogorov (1957). In the case of learning finite dimensional maps, many authors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 William H. Guss , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

The Universal Approximation Theorem posits that neural networks can theoretically possess unlimited approximation capacity with a suitable activation function and a freely chosen or trained set of parameters. However, a more practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Li Liu , Tengchao Yu , Heng Yong

Approximation capability of reservoir systems whose reservoir is a recurrent neural network (RNN) is discussed. We show what we call uniform strong universality of RNN reservoir systems for a certain class of dynamical systems. This means…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Hiroki Yasumoto , Toshiyuki Tanaka

We establish a continuous-time framework for analyzing Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) via stochastic control and Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (FBSDEs). Considering a continuous-time Markov Decision Process (MDP) driven by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Qian Qi

Convolutional rectifier networks, i.e. convolutional neural networks with rectified linear activation and max or average pooling, are the cornerstone of modern deep learning. However, despite their wide use and success, our theoretical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Nadav Cohen , Amnon Shashua

This paper concerns the universal approximation property with neural networks in variable Lebesgue spaces. We show that, whenever the exponent function of the space is bounded, every function can be approximated with shallow neural networks…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-07-09 Ángela Capel , Jesús Ocáriz

Performing machine learning with analog signals offers advantages in speed and energy efficiency, but sensitivity to component and measurement imperfections often foils training without a system-specific companion digital model. Here we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-18 Sam Dillavou , Marcelo Guzman , Andrea J. Liu , Douglas J. Durian

This work studies approximation based on single-hidden-layer feedforward and recurrent neural networks with randomly generated internal weights. These methods, in which only the last layer of weights and a few hyperparameters are optimized,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-17 Lukas Gonon , Lyudmila Grigoryeva , Juan-Pablo Ortega

In typical artificial neural networks, neurons adjust according to global calculations of a central processor, but in the brain neurons and synapses self-adjust based on local information. Contrastive learning algorithms have recently been…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-07-26 Sam Dillavou , Menachem Stern , Andrea J. Liu , Douglas J. Durian

We propose a neural embedding algorithm called Network Vector, which learns distributed representations of nodes and the entire networks simultaneously. By embedding networks in a low-dimensional space, the algorithm allows us to compare…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-09-11 Hao Wu , Kristina Lerman

We propose a neural parameterization of convex sets by learning sublinear (positively homogeneous and convex) functions. Our networks implicitly represent both the support and gauge functions of a convex body. We prove a universal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Eloi Martinet

The universal approximation theorem is generalised to uniform convergence on the (noncompact) input space $\mathbb{R}^n$. All continuous functions that vanish at infinity can be uniformly approximated by neural networks with one hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Teun D. H. van Nuland

It is shown that the port behavior of a resistor-diode network corresponds to the solution of a ReLU monotone operator equilibrium network (a neural network in the limit of infinite depth), giving a parsimonious construction of a neural…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-18 Thomas Chaffey

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a broad class of connectionist models for graph processing. Recent studies have shown that GNNs can approximate any function on graphs, modulo the equivalence relation on graphs defined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Giuseppe Alessio D'Inverno , Monica Bianchini , Maria Lucia Sampoli , Franco Scarselli

In certain situations, neural networks are trained upon data that obey underlying symmetries. However, the predictions do not respect the symmetries exactly unless embedded in the network structure. In this work, we introduce architectures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Anwesh Bhattacharya , Marios Mattheakis , Pavlos Protopapas