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Recent research in the field of computer vision strongly focuses on deep learning architectures to tackle image processing problems. Deep neural networks are often considered in complex image processing scenarios since traditional computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marcel P. Schilling , Luca Rettenberger , Friedrich Münke , Haijun Cui , Anna A. Popova , Pavel A. Levkin , Ralf Mikut , Markus Reischl

Evaluating the quality of explanations in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is to this day a challenging problem, with ongoing debate in the research community. While some advocate for establishing standardized offline metrics,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Teodor Chiaburu , Frank Haußer , Felix Bießmann

While the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for medical image analysis is gaining wide acceptance, the expertise, time and cost required to generate annotated data in the medical field are significantly high, due to limited availability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Abhishek Kushwaha , Sarthak Gupta , Anish Bhanushali , Tathagato Rai Dastidar

Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A strategy to improve label quality is to ask multiple annotators to label the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Alexander Braylan , Madalyn Marabella , Omar Alonso , Matthew Lease

With the rise of AI-enabled cyber-physical systems, data annotation has become a critical yet often overlooked process in the development of these intelligent information systems. Existing work in requirements engineering (RE) has explored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yi Peng , Hina Saeeda , Hans-Martin Heyn , Jennifer Horkoff , Eric Knauss , Fredrick Warg

Sequence-to-sequence learning involves a trade-off between signal strength and annotation cost of training data. For example, machine translation data range from costly expert-generated translations that enable supervised learning, to weak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Julia Kreutzer , Nathaniel Berger , Stefan Riezler

AI is transforming research. It is being leveraged to construct surveys, synthesize data, conduct analysis, and write summaries of the results. While the promise is to create efficiencies and increase quality, the reality is not always as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Richard Timpone , Yongwei Yang

Pool-based active learning (AL) aims to optimize the annotation process (i.e., labeling) as the acquisition of annotations is often time-consuming and therefore expensive. For this purpose, an AL strategy queries annotations intelligently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Marek Herde , Denis Huseljic , Bernhard Sick , Adrian Calma

There is general agreement that some form of regulation is necessary both for AI creators to be incentivised to develop trustworthy systems, and for users to actually trust those systems. But there is much debate about what form these…

This paper presents an analysis of annotation using an automatic pre-annotation for a mid-level annotation complexity task -- dependency syntax annotation. It compares the annotation efforts made by annotators using a pre-annotated version…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Marie Mikulová , Milan Straka , Jan Štěpánek , Barbora Štěpánková , Jan Hajič

Large-scale supervised data is essential for training modern ranking models, but obtaining high-quality human annotations is costly. Click data has been widely used as a low-cost alternative, and with recent advances in large language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lulu Yu , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Shihao Liu , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Annotated data plays a critical role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in training models and evaluating their performance. Given recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), models such as ChatGPT demonstrate zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Minzhi Li , Taiwei Shi , Caleb Ziems , Min-Yen Kan , Nancy F. Chen , Zhengyuan Liu , Diyi Yang

AI systems increasingly assist human decision making by producing preliminary assessments of complex inputs. However, such AI-generated assessments can often be noisy or systematically biased, raising a central question: how should costly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Lezhi Tan , Naomi Sagan , Lihua Lei , Jose Blanchet

Humans often specify tasks incompletely, so assistants must know when and how to ask clarifying questions. However, effective clarification remains challenging in software engineering tasks as not all missing information is equally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Vijay Viswanathan , Graham Neubig

Many complex discourse-level tasks can aid domain experts in their work but require costly expert annotations for data creation. To speed up and ease annotations, we investigate the viability of automatically generated annotation…

Annotation is a central mechanism in visualization design that enables people to communicate key insights. Prior research has provided essential accounts of the visual forms annotations take, but less attention has been paid to the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Devin Lange , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

One of the core goals of responsible AI development is ensuring high-quality training datasets. Many researchers have pointed to the importance of the annotation step in the creation of high-quality data, but less attention has been paid to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Hubert D. Zając , Natalia R. Avlona , Tariq O. Andersen , Finn Kensing , Irina Shklovski

Large Language Models (LLMs) have ushered in a new era of text annotation, as their ease-of-use, high accuracy, and relatively low costs have meant that their use has exploded in recent months. However, the rapid growth of the field has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Petter Törnberg

Critical sectors of human society are progressing toward the adoption of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) agents, which are trained individually on behalf of self-interested principals but deployed in a shared environment. Short of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Jiachen Yang , Ethan Wang , Rakshit Trivedi , Tuo Zhao , Hongyuan Zha

Many definitions of business processes refer to business goals, value creation, or profits/gains of sorts. Nevertheless, the focus of formal methods research on business processes, like the well-known soundness property, lies on correctness…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Tobias Heindel , Ingo Weber