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Traffic incidents involving vulnerable road users (VRUs) constitute a significant proportion of global road accidents. Advances in traffic communication ecosystems, coupled with sophisticated signal processing and machine learning…

Vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists are at the highest risk in the road traffic environment. Globally, over half of road traffic deaths are vulnerable road users. Although substantial efforts are…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Nishanthi Dasanayaka , Khondokar Fida Hasan , Charles Wang , Yanming Feng

With the fast advancements of the Autonomous Vehicle (AV) industry, detection of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) using smartphones is critical for safety applications of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs). This study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Huthaifa I. Ashqar , Mohammed Elhenawy , Mahmoud Masoud , Andry Rakotonirainy , Hesham A. Rakha

Road safety is the main motivation for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) in general, and vehicular communications (V2X) technology in particular. The V2X-based Vulnerable Road User (VRU) protection is an approach that relies…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Jorge Martín-Pérez , Oscar Amador , Markus Rydeberg , Linnéa Olsson , Alexey Vinel

Correctly identifying vulnerable road users (VRUs), e.g. cyclists and pedestrians, remains one of the most challenging environment perception tasks for autonomous vehicles (AVs). This work surveys the current state-of-the-art in VRU…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Patrick Mannion

Vulnerable road users (VRUs, i.e. cyclists and pedestrians) will play an important role in future traffic. To avoid accidents and achieve a highly efficient traffic flow, it is important to detect VRUs and to predict their intentions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Maarten Bieshaar , Günther Reitberger , Stefan Zernetsch , Bernhard Sick , Erich Fuchs , Konrad Doll

While measures, such as traffic calming and advance driver assistance systems, can improve safety for Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), their effectiveness ultimately relies on the responsible behavior of drivers and pedestrians who must adhere…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Erik Rua , Kazi Hasan Shakib , Sagar Dasgupta , Mizanur Rahman , Steven Jones

Ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs), including pedestrians, cyclists, electric scooter riders, and motorcyclists, remains a major challenge for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and connected and automated vehicles…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-23 Zhitong He , Yaobin Chen , Brian King , Lingxi Li

We present a vehicle system capable of navigating safely and efficiently around Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), such as pedestrians and cyclists. The system comprises key modules for environment perception, localization and mapping, motion…

According to the World Health Organization, the involvement of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in traffic accidents remains a significant concern, with VRUs accounting for over half of traffic fatalities. The increase of automation and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Edmir Xhoxhi , Vincent Albert Wolff

Vulnerable Road User (VRU) safety has been an important issue throughout the years as corresponding fatality numbers in traffic have been increasing each year. With the developments in connected vehicle technology, there are new and easier…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-30 Sukru Yaren Gelbal , Mustafa Ridvan Cantas , Bilin Aksun Guvenc , Levent Guvenc , Gopichandra Surnilla , Hao Zhang

Avoiding collisions with vulnerable road users (VRUs) using sensor-based early recognition of critical situations is one of the manifold opportunities provided by the current development in the field of intelligent vehicles. As especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Michael Goldhammer , Sebastian Köhler , Stefan Zernetsch , Konrad Doll , Bernhard Sick , Klaus Dietmayer

Intersections where vehicles are permitted to turn and interact with vulnerable road users (VRUs) like pedestrians and cyclists are among some of the most challenging locations for automated and accurate recognition of road users' behavior.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Hao Cheng , Li Feng , Hailong Liu , Takatsugu Hirayama , Hiroshi Murase , Monika Sester

While the development of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) safety applications based on Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) has been extensively undergoing standardization for more than a decade, such applications are extremely missing for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Amin Tahmasbi-Sarvestani , Hossein Nourkhiz Mahjoub , Yaser P. Fallah , Ehsan Moradi-Pari , Oubada Abuchaar

Completely unmanned autonomous vehicles have been anticipated for a while. Initially, these are expected to drive only under certain conditions on some roads, and advanced functionality is required to cope with the ever-increasing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Walter Morales Alvarez , Miguel Ángel de Miguel , Fernando García , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Recent reports from the World Health Organization highlight that Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) have been involved in over half of the road fatalities in recent years, with occlusion risk - a scenario where VRUs are hidden from drivers' view…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Vincent Albert Wolff , Edmir Xhoxhi

Vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists represent more than half of global traffic deaths, yet their detection remains challenging in poor lighting, adverse weather, and unbalanced data sets. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Penelope Brown , Julie Stephany Berrio Perez , Mao Shan , Stewart Worrall

The growing number of road users has significantly increased the risk of accidents in recent years. Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) are particularly at risk, especially in urban environments where they are often occluded by parked vehicles or…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jörg Gamerdinger , Sven Teufel , Simon Roller , Oliver Bringmann

One of the key applications envisioned for C-V2I (Cellular Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) networks pertains to safety on the road. Thanks to the exchange of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs), vehicles and other road users (e.g.,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Marco Malinverno , Giuseppe Avino , Francesco Malandrino , Claudio Casetti , Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini , Salvatore Scarpina

Reliable perception remains a key challenge for Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) in complex real-world environments, where varying lighting conditions and adverse weather degrade sensing performance. While existing multi-sensor solutions…

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