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In this note, we introduce a novel performance rating system called Performance Rating Equilibrium (PRE). A PRE is a vector of ratings for each player, such that if these ratings were each player's initial rating at the start of a…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-11-04 Mehmet Mars Seven

This paper introduces a score-driven rating system, a generalization of the classical Elo rating system that employs the score, i.e. the gradient of the log-likelihood, as the updating mechanism for player and team ratings. The proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Vladimír Holý , Michal Černý

This paper presents an original model for assessing scientific productivity, research power ranking, RPR, which is based on the adaptation of the Elo rating system to the context of scientific activity. Unlike traditional scientometric…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-30 Eldar Knar

Rating systems play an important role in competitive sports and games. They provide a measure of player skill, which incentivizes competitive performances and enables balanced match-ups. In this paper, we present a novel Bayesian rating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Aram Ebtekar , Paul Liu

The Elo rating system, which was originally proposed by Arpad Elo for chess, has become one of the most important rating systems in sports, economics and gaming nowadays. Its original formulation is based on two-player zero-sum games, but…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-12 Düring Bertram , Fischer Michael , Wolfram Marie-Therese

ELO rating system is proposed by Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. Originally, it was proposed for the ranking system of chess players, but it was soon adapted to many other zero-sum sports fields like football, baseball,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yuhan Song

The Elo rating system is a highly successful ranking algorithm for games of skill where, by construction, one team wins and the other loses. A primary limitation of the original Elo algorithm is its inability to predict information beyond a…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-05 J. Scott Moreland , Matthew C. Superdock

Probabilistic properties of tennis scoring systems are examined and compared with best-of-K systems. A model, where each player has his/her own probability of winning his/her service point and which remains invariant for the duration of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-04 Edsel A. Pena , Dip Das , Yuexuan Wu

This work is concerned with the rating of players/teams in face-to-face games with three possible outcomes: loss, win, and draw. This is one of the fundamental problems in sport analytics, where the very simple and popular, non-trivial…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Leszek Szczecinski , Aymen Djebbi

We introduce the Tournament Rank Probability Score (TRPS) as a measure to evaluate and compare pre-tournament predictions, where predictions of the full tournament results are required to be available before the tournament begins. The TRPS…

Applications · Statistics 2019-12-17 Claus Thorn Ekstrøm , Hans Van Eetvelde , Christophe Ley , Ulf Brefeld

The Elo system for rating chess players, also used in other games and sports, was adopted by the World Chess Federation over four decades ago. Although not without controversy, it is accepted as generally reliable and provides a method for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-03-31 Trevor Fenner , Mark Levene , George Loizou

We introduce a novel system of matching and scoring players in tournaments, called Multi-Tier Tournaments, illustrated by chess and based on the following rules: 1. Players are divided into skill-based tiers, based on their Elo ratings. 2.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-07-22 Steven J. Brams , Mehmet S. Ismail

In the light of the need to achieve a ranking which is understood by all tennis supporters, the ATP ranking is exposed to constant complaints from players and at the same time exposes new players to be benefited with a good tournament to be…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-12-01 Alex Aronson

Competitor rating systems for head-to-head games are typically used to measure playing strength from game outcomes. Ratings computed from these systems are often used to select top competitors for elite events, for pairing players of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-14 Mark E. Glickman

This project aims to assess the performance of various regression models in predicting the performance of hockey players. The measure of performance is chosen to be points scored (sum of goals scored and assists made) by individual players…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Shuja Khalid

Probability estimation models play an important role in various fields, such as weather forecasting, recommendation systems, and sports analysis. Among several models estimating probabilities, it is difficult to evaluate which model gives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Euihyeon Choi , Jooyoung Kim , Wonkyung Lee

In many competitive settings, from education to politics, rules do not reward effort evenly, and thresholds (e.g., grade cutoffs or electoral majorities) make some moments disproportionately important. Success thus depends on efficiently…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Masatsugu Yoshizawa , Yuta Kawamoto , Daisuke Takeshita

In this manuscript, we concentrate on a specific type of covariates, which we call statistically enhanced, for modeling tennis matches for men at Grand slam tournaments. Our goal is to assess whether these enhanced covariates have the…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-27 Nourah Buhamra , Andreas Groll

Assessing the skill level of players to predict the outcome and to rank the players in a longer series of games is of critical importance for tournament play. Besides weaknesses, like an observed continuous inflation, through a steadily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Stefan Edelkamp

From the viewpoint of networks, a ranking system for players or teams in sports is equivalent to a centrality measure for sports networks, whereby a directed link represents the result of a single game. Previously proposed network-based…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-12-07 Shun Motegi , Naoki Masuda
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