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We introduce a dataset comprising commercial machine translations, gathered weekly over six years across 12 translation directions. Since human A/B testing is commonly used, we assume commercial systems improve over time, which enables us…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Guojun Wu , Shay B. Cohen , Rico Sennrich

Text style transfer (TST) is the task of transforming a text to reflect a particular style while preserving its original content. Evaluating TST outputs is a multidimensional challenge, requiring the assessment of style transfer accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , John P. McCrae , Ondrej Dusek

Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) assesses translation reliability without reference texts. This study introduces "textual similarity" as a new metric for QE, using sentence transformers and cosine similarity to measure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

Collecting high-quality translations is crucial for the development and evaluation of machine translation systems. However, traditional human-only approaches are costly and slow. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of 11…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhongtao Liu , Parker Riley , Daniel Deutsch , Alison Lui , Mengmeng Niu , Apu Shah , Markus Freitag

Machine translation evaluation is a very important activity in machine translation development. Automatic evaluation metrics proposed in literature are inadequate as they require one or more human reference translations to compare them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Nisheeth Joshi , Iti Mathur , Hemant Darbari , Ajai Kumar

We introduce translation error correction (TEC), the task of automatically correcting human-generated translations. Imperfections in machine translations (MT) have long motivated systems for improving translations post-hoc with automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Jessy Lin , Geza Kovacs , Aditya Shastry , Joern Wuebker , John DeNero

This article presents the results of a study involving the translation of a fictional story from English into Catalan in three modalities: machine-translated (MT), post-edited (MTPE) and translated without aid (HT). Each translation was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Ana Guerberof Arenas , Antonio Toral

Assessing the performance of interpreting services is a complex task, given the nuanced nature of spoken language translation, the strategies that interpreters apply, and the diverse expectations of users. The complexity of this task become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Xiaoman Wang , Claudio Fantinuoli

Literary translation remains one of the most challenging frontiers in machine translation due to the complexity of capturing figurative language, cultural nuances, and unique stylistic elements. In this work, we introduce TransAgents, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Minghao Wu , Jiahao Xu , Yulin Yuan , Gholamreza Haffari , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang

Since the 1950s, machine translation (MT) has become one of the important tasks of AI and development, and has experienced several different periods and stages of development, including rule-based methods, statistical methods, and recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Lifeng Han

This article presents the results of a study involving the translation of a short story by Kurt Vonnegut from English to Catalan and Dutch using three modalities: machine-translation (MT), post-editing (PE) and translation without aid (HT).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Ana Guerberof Arenas , Antonio Toral

Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Lifeng Han

Recent research has focused on literary machine translation (MT) as a new challenge in MT. However, the evaluation of literary MT remains an open problem. We contribute to this ongoing discussion by introducing LITEVAL-CORPUS, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Ran Zhang , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved top results in recent machine translation evaluations, but they are also known to be sensitive to errors and perturbations in their prompts. We systematically evaluate how both humanly plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Patrícia Schmidtová , Niyati Bafna , Seth Aycock , Gianluca Vico , Wiktor Kamzela , Katharina Hämmerl , Vilém Zouhar

Automatic post-editing (APE) aims to reduce manual post-editing efforts by automatically correcting errors in machine-translated output. Due to the limited amount of human-annotated training data, data scarcity is one of the main challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Xu Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

Word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of Machine Translation (MT) aims to find out potential translation errors in the translated sentence without reference. Typically, conventional works on word-level QE are designed to predict the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yuanmeng Yan , Jie Zhou

Gender bias in machine translation (MT) is recognized as an issue that can harm people and society. And yet, advancements in the field rarely involve people, the final MT users, or inform how they might be impacted by biased technologies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Beatrice Savoldi , Sara Papi , Matteo Negri , Ana Guerberof , Luisa Bentivogli

Existing research indicates that machine translations (MTs) of literary texts are often unsatisfactory. MTs are typically evaluated using automated metrics and subjective human ratings, with limited focus on stylistic features. Evidence is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Xiaofang Yao , Yong-Bin Kang , Anthony McCosker

Human-translated text displays distinct features from naturally written text in the same language. This phenomena, known as translationese, has been argued to confound the machine translation (MT) evaluation. Yet, we find that existing work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Jingwei Ni , Zhijing Jin , Markus Freitag , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf

Human translators linger on some words and phrases more than others, and predicting this variation is a step towards explaining the underlying cognitive processes. Using data from the CRITT Translation Process Research Database, we evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Zheng Wei Lim , Ekaterina Vylomova , Charles Kemp , Trevor Cohn