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People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) lack the ability to produce the insulin their bodies need. As a result, they must continually make decisions about how much insulin to self-administer to adequately control their blood glucose levels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Ian Fox , Joyce Lee , Rodica Pop-Busui , Jenna Wiens

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) management can be significantly enhanced through the use of predictive machine learning (ML) algorithms, which can mitigate the risk of adverse events like hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia, characterized by blood glucose…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-02 Beyza Cinar , Jennifer Daniel Onwuchekwa , Maria Maleshkova

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health issue, with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) requiring constant monitoring to avoid hypoglycemia. Although Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) are effective, their cost and invasiveness limit access,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lawrence Obiuwevwi , Krzysztof J. Rechowicz , Vikas Ashok , Sampath Jayarathna

Diabetes mellitus affects over 537 million adults worldwide and remains a major challenge in preventive healthcare. Existing machine-learning studies primarily formulate diabetes prediction as a binary classification problem, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Vishal Pandey , Ruzina Haque Laskar , Rishav Tewari

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin insufficiency. Thus, patients require lifelong insulin therapy, which has a side effect of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is a critical state of decreased blood glucose levels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Beyza Cinar , Louisa van den Boom , Maria Maleshkova

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are commonly used by type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients to measure glucose concentrations. The proposed adaptive basal-bolus algorithm (ABBA) supports inputs from…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-20 Qingnan Sun , Marko V. Jankovic , João Budzinski , Brett Moore , Peter Diem , Christoph Stettler , Stavroula G. Mougiakakou

A deep learning network was used to predict future blood glucose levels, as this can permit diabetes patients to take action before imminent hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. A sequential model with one long-short-term memory (LSTM) layer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Qingnan Sun , Marko V. Jankovic , Lia Bally , Stavroula G. Mougiakakou

Every year, humanity loses about 1.5 million persons due to diabetic disease. Therefore continuous monitoring of diabetes is highly needed, but the conventional approach, i.e., fingertip pricking, causes mental and physical pain to the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-19 Abdelrhman Y. Soliman , Ahmed M. Nor , Octavian Fratu , Simona Halunga , Osama A. Omer , Ahmed S. Mubark

The classification of diabetes and prediabetes by static glucose thresholds obscures the pathophysiological dysglycemia heterogeneity, primarily driven by insulin resistance (IR), beta-cell dysfunction, and incretin deficiency. This review…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Ahmed A. Metwally , Heyjun Park , Yue Wu , Tracey McLaughlin , Michael P. Snyder

Due to the sensitive nature of diabetes-related data, preventing them from being shared between studies, progress in the field of glucose prediction is hard to assess. To address this issue, we present GLYFE (GLYcemia Forecasting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-30 Maxime De Bois , Mehdi Ammi , Mounîm A. El Yacoubi

The global diabetes epidemic highlights the importance of maintaining good glycemic control. Glucose prediction is a fundamental aspect of diabetes management, facilitating real-time decision-making. Recent research has introduced models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Ming Cheng , Xingjian Diao , Ziyi Zhou , Yanjun Cui , Wenjun Liu , Shitong Cheng

Effective management of Type 1 Diabetes requires continuous glucose monitoring and precise insulin adjustments to prevent hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. With the growing adoption of wearable glucose monitors and mobile health applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Giorgia Rigamonti , Mirko Paolo Barbato , Davide Marelli , Paolo Napoletano

Recent advances in SSL enabled novel medical AI models, known as foundation models, offer great potential for better characterizing health from diverse biomedical data. CGM provides rich, temporal data on glycemic patterns, but its full…

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistently high blood glucose levels (BGLs), leading to severe complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Predicting BGLs enables patients to…

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides dense and dynamic glucose profiles that enable reliable estimation of Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) metrics, such as Time in Range (TIR), Time Below Range (TBR), and Time Above Range (TAR).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Canyu Lei , Benjamin Lobo , Jianxin Xie

In the U.S., over a third of adults are pre-diabetic, with 80\% unaware of their status. This underlines the need for better glucose monitoring to prevent type 2 diabetes and related heart diseases. Existing wearable glucose monitors are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-26 Yidong Zhu , Nadia B Aimandi , Mohammad Arif Ul Alam

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) affects millions worldwide, requiring continuous monitoring to prevent severe hypo- and hyperglycemic events. While continuous glucose monitoring has improved blood glucose management, deploying predictive models on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Mirko Paolo Barbato , Giorgia Rigamonti , Davide Marelli , Paolo Napoletano

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder which may result in severe and potentially fatal complications if not well-treated and monitored. In this study, a quantitative analysis of the data collected using CGM (Continuous Glucose…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-15 Giulia Elena Aliffi , Giovanni Nastasi , Vittorio Romano , Dario Pitocco , Alessandro Rizzi , Elvin J. Moore , Andrea De Gaetano

Patients with Type I Diabetes (T1D) must take insulin injections to prevent the serious long term effects of hyperglycemia - high blood glucose (BG). Patients must also be careful not to inject too much insulin because this could induce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-01 Neil C. Borle , Edmond A. Ryan , Russell Greiner

Control of blood glucose is essential for diabetes management. Current digital therapeutic approaches for subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) such as the artificial pancreas and insulin bolus calculators leverage machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Kezhi Li , John Daniels , Chengyuan Liu , Pau Herrero , Pantelis Georgiou