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Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly important for machine learning applications. However, it can be challenging to align LLMs with our intent, particularly when we want to generate content that is preferable over others…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Xiang Gao , Kamalika Das

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial technique to predict students' future performance by observing their historical learning processes. Due to the powerful representation ability of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been made by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jiahao Chen , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Qiongqiong Liu , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge tracing (KT) has recently been an active research area of computational pedagogy. The task is to model students' mastery level of knowledge concepts based on their responses to the questions in the past, as well as predict the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Shanghui Yang , Mengxia Zhu , Xuesong Lu

This paper addresses the limitations of large-scale language models in safety alignment and robustness by proposing a fine-tuning method that combines contrastive distillation with noise-robust training. The method freezes the backbone…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Jiasen Zheng , Huajun Zhang , Xu Yan , Ran Hao , Chong Peng

The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced various AI applications in commercial and scientific research fields, such as scientific literature summarization, writing assistance, and knowledge graph…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Huiwen Wu , Xiaohan Li , Xiaogang Xu , Jiafei Wu , Deyi Zhang , Zhe Liu

Large language Model (LLM)-assisted algorithm discovery is an iterative, black-box optimization process over programs to approximatively solve a target task, where an LLM proposes candidate programs and an external evaluator provides task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Timothee Leleu , Sudeera Gunathilaka , Federico Ghimenti , Surya Ganguli

Adaptive learning technology solutions often use a learner model to trace learning and make pedagogical decisions. The present research introduces a formalized methodology for specifying learner models, Logistic Knowledge Tracing (LKT),…

Applications · Statistics 2021-12-14 Philip I. Pavlik, , Luke G. Eglington , Leigh M. Harrell-Williams

Accurately assessing student knowledge is central to education. Cognitive Diagnosis (CD) models estimate student proficiency at a fixed point in time, while Knowledge Tracing (KT) methods model evolving knowledge states to predict future…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Antonin Berthon , Mihaela van der Schaar

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with profound societal impacts, yet their ability to generate responses to diverse and uncontrolled inputs leaves them vulnerable to adversarial attacks. While existing defenses often struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Samuel Simko , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Large language models (LLMs) tend to inadequately integrate input context during text generation, relying excessively on encoded prior knowledge in model parameters, potentially resulting in generated text with factual inconsistencies or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Zheng Zhao , Emilio Monti , Jens Lehmann , Haytham Assem

Pre-trained language models (LMs) store knowledge in their parameters and can generate informative responses when used in conversational systems. However, LMs suffer from the problem of "hallucination:" they may generate plausible-looking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Weiwei Sun , Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Pengjie Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

Deep learning has witnessed significant advancements in recent years at the cost of increasing training, inference, and model storage overhead. While existing model compression methods strive to reduce the number of model parameters while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Wujie Sun , Defang Chen , Jiawei Chen , Yan Feng , Chun Chen , Can Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interaction sequences. With the advanced capability of capturing contextual long-term dependency, attention mechanism becomes one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuyan Huang , Zitao Liu , Xiangyu Zhao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

Contrastive learning (CL) has become a ubiquitous approach for several natural language processing (NLP) downstream tasks, especially for question answering (QA). However, the major challenge, how to efficiently train the knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Wenshen Xu , Mieradilijiang Maimaiti , Yuanhang Zheng , Xin Tang , Ji Zhang

Humans ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the teaching on students needs. With the rise of online education…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang , Bernardo Pereira Nunes

Natural language understanding (NLU) models often rely on dataset biases rather than intended task-relevant features to achieve high performance on specific datasets. As a result, these models perform poorly on datasets outside the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Yougang Lyu , Piji Li , Yechang Yang , Maarten de Rijke , Pengjie Ren , Yukun Zhao , Dawei Yin , Zhaochun Ren

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, aiming to assess students' knowledge proficiency by predicting their future performance on new questions based on their past response…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Jiajun Cui , Minghe Yu , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Jianyong Wang , Wei Zhang

Although pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, they are shown to be lacking in knowledge when dealing with knowledge driven tasks. Despite the many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Qianglong Chen , Feng-Lin Li , Guohai Xu , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Yin Zhang