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Deep neural networks are complex and opaque. As they enter application in a variety of important and safety critical domains, users seek methods to explain their output predictions. We develop an approach to explaining deep neural networks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Michael Harradon , Jeff Druce , Brian Ruttenberg

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a powerful technique used to understand the decision making of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in computer vision. Recently, there have been attempts not only to generate better visual explanations, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Kwang Hee Lee , Chaewon Park , Junghyun Oh , Nojun Kwak

Deep learning methods based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown great potential to improve early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia based on imaging data. However, these methods have yet to be widely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Wenjie Kang , Lize Jiskoot , Peter De Deyn , Geert Biessels , Huiberdina Koek , Jurgen Claassen , Huub Middelkoop , Wiesje Flier , Willemijn J. Jansen , Stefan Klein , Esther Bron

Deep learning models are used in critical applications, in which mistakes can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how and why models generate predictions. This understanding provides useful information to check…

Given the complexity and lack of transparency in deep neural networks (DNNs), extensive efforts have been made to make these systems more interpretable or explain their behaviors in accessible terms. Unlike most reviews, which focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Haoyi Xiong , Xuhong Li , Xiaofei Zhang , Jiamin Chen , Xinhao Sun , Yuchen Li , Zeyi Sun , Mengnan Du

Deep neural networks have demonstrated superior performance in artificial intelligence applications, but the opaqueness of their inner working mechanism is one major drawback in their application. The prevailing unit-based interpretation is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Lei Lyu , Chen Pang , Jihua Wang

Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning, reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, but at the cost of reduced interpretability. Especially in image processing systems, deep networks transform local pixel information into more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Zhang , Manuel Günther

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a critical tool for interpreting the predictions of complex deep learning models. While XAI has been increasingly applied in various domains within acoustics, its use in bioacoustics,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zubair Faruqui , Mackenzie S. McIntire , Rahul Dubey , Jay McEntee

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to make learning machines less opaque, and offers researchers and practitioners various tools to reveal the decision-making strategies of neural networks. In this work, we investigate how XAI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Dennis Grinwald , Kirill Bykov , Shinichi Nakajima , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently attracted great attention in geoscience due to their ability to capture non-linear system behavior and extract predictive spatiotemporal patterns. Given their black-box nature however, and…

Geophysics · Physics 2022-09-07 Antonios Mamalakis , Elizabeth A. Barnes , Imme Ebert-Uphoff

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have greatly impacted numerous fields over the past decade. Yet despite exhibiting superb performance over many problems, their black-box nature still poses a significant challenge with respect to explainability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Snir Vitrack Tamam , Raz Lapid , Moshe Sipper

This study explores the integration of multiple Explainable AI (XAI) techniques to enhance the interpretability of deep learning models for brain tumour detection. A custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed and trained on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Patrick McGonagle , William Farrelly , Kevin Curran

Over many decades, researchers working in object recognition have longed for an end-to-end automated system that will simply accept 2D or 3D image or videos as inputs and output the labels of objects in the input data. Computer vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-01-29 Rama Chellappa , Jun-Cheng Chen , Rajeev Ranjan , Swami Sankaranarayanan , Amit Kumar , Vishal M. Patel , Carlos D. Castillo

Planet-scale photo geolocalization involves the intricate task of estimating the geographic location depicted in an image purely based on its visual features. While deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 David Faget , José Luis Lisani , Miguel Colom

Most of the approaches for discovering visual attributes in images demand significant supervision, which is cumbersome to obtain. In this paper, we aim to discover visual attributes in a weakly supervised setting that is commonly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-21 Sukrit Shankar , Vikas K. Garg , Roberto Cipolla

One of the main challenges for broad adoption of deep learning based models such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), is the lack of understanding of their decisions. In many applications, a simpler, less capable model that can be easily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Devinder Kumar , Vlado Menkovski , Graham W. Taylor , Alexander Wong

While deep learning models have demonstrated remarkable success in numerous domains, their black-box nature remains a significant limitation, especially in critical fields such as medical image analysis and inference. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 David Zucker

The Deep learning (DL) models for diagnosing breast cancer from mammographic images often operate as "black boxes", making it difficult for healthcare professionals to trust and understand their decision-making processes. The study presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Maryam Ahmed , Tooba Bibi , Rizwan Ahmed Khan , Sidra Nasir

Deep learning (DL) has gained popularity in recent years as an effective tool for classifying the current health and predicting the future of industrial equipment. However, most DL models have black-box components with an underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hao Lu , Austin M. Bray , Chao Hu , Andrew T. Zimmerman , Hongyi Xu