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Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant progress in reasoning tasks. However, recent studies show that transformers and LLMs fail catastrophically once reasoning problems exceed modest complexity. We revisit these findings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Revanth Rameshkumar , Jimson Huang , Yunxin Sun , Fei Xia , Abulhair Saparov

Analogical reasoning, particularly in multimodal contexts, is the foundation of human perception and creativity. Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) has recently sparked considerable discussion due to its emergent capabilities. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Diandian Guo , Cong Cao , Fangfang Yuan , Dakui Wang , Wei Ma , Yanbing Liu , Jianhui Fu

While state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) demonstrate advanced reasoning capabilities-achieving remarkable performance on challenging competitive math and coding benchmarks-they also frequently fail on tasks that are easy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Alan Malek , Jiawei Ge , Nevena Lazic , Chi Jin , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Graphs are a powerful tool for representing and analyzing complex relationships in real-world applications such as social networks, recommender systems, and computational finance. Reasoning on graphs is essential for drawing inferences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Bahare Fatemi , Jonathan Halcrow , Bryan Perozzi

We study a synthetic corpus based approach for language models (LMs) to acquire logical deductive reasoning ability. The previous studies generated deduction examples using specific sets of deduction rules. However, these rules were limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Terufumi Morishita , Gaku Morio , Atsuki Yamaguchi , Yasuhiro Sogawa

In recent years, many interpretability methods have been proposed to help interpret the internal states of Transformer-models, at different levels of precision and complexity. Here, to analyze encoder-decoder Transformers, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Anna Langedijk , Hosein Mohebbi , Gabriele Sarti , Willem Zuidema , Jaap Jumelet

The ability to robustly identify causal relationships is essential for autonomous decision-making and adaptation to novel scenarios. However, accurately inferring causal structure requires integrating both world knowledge and abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Khurram Yamin , Shantanu Gupta , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Zachary C. Lipton , Bryan Wilder

While LLMs demonstrate impressive reasoning capabilities, they remain fragile in multi-step logical deduction, where a single transition error can propagate through the entire reasoning chain, leading to unstable performance. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Seunghyun Park , Yuanyuan Lei

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform reasoning tasks such as deduction has been widely investigated in recent years. Yet, their capacity to generate proofs-faithful, human-readable explanations of why conclusions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hui Yang , Jiaoyan Chen , Uli Sattler

State-of-the-art deep-learning-based approaches to Natural Language Processing (NLP) are credited with various capabilities that involve reasoning with natural language texts. In this paper we carry out a large-scale empirical study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Viktor Schlegel , Kamen V. Pavlov , Ian Pratt-Hartmann

We study how large language models (LLMs) reason about memorized knowledge through simple binary relations such as equality ($=$), inequality ($<$), and inclusion ($\subset$). Unlike in-context reasoning, the axioms (e.g., $a < b, b < c$)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jonathan Shaki , Emanuele La Malfa , Michael Wooldridge , Sarit Kraus

Exploring the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in puzzle solving unveils critical insights into their potential and challenges in AI, marking a significant step towards understanding their applicability in complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Panagiotis Giadikiaroglou , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Giorgos Stamou

Studies have underscored how, regardless of the recent breakthrough and swift advances in AI research, even state-of-the-art Large Language models (LLMs) continue to struggle when performing logical and mathematical reasoning. The results…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Federico Castagna , Isabel Sassoon , Simon Parsons

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable performance in language tasks and beyond. However, due to their limited inherent causal reasoning ability, LLMs still face challenges in handling tasks that require robust causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Xin Li , Zhuo Cai , Shoujin Wang , Kun Yu , Fang Chen

Due to the size and complexity of modern large language models (LLMs), it has proven challenging to uncover the underlying mechanisms that models use to solve reasoning problems. For instance, is their reasoning for a specific problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Guan Zhe Hong , Nishanth Dikkala , Enming Luo , Cyrus Rashtchian , Xin Wang , Rina Panigrahy

Logical reasoning remains a challenge for natural language processing, but it can be improved by training language models to mimic theorem provers on procedurally generated problems. Previous work used domain-specific proof generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Damien Sileo

Analogy is a central faculty of human intelligence, enabling abstract patterns discovered in one domain to be applied to another. Despite its central role in cognition, the mechanisms by which Transformers acquire and implement analogical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gouki Minegishi , Jingyuan Feng , Hiroki Furuta , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Recent large language models have demonstrated relevant capabilities in solving problems that require logical reasoning; however, the corresponding internal mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we show that a small language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Davide Maltoni , Matteo Ferrara

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated good performance in many reasoning tasks, but they still struggle with some complicated reasoning tasks including logical reasoning. One non-negligible reason for LLMs' suboptimal performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yanda Li , Dixuan Wang , Jiaqing Liang , Guochao Jiang , Qianyu He , Yanghua Xiao , Deqing Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown impressive performance on tasks involving reasoning, leading to a lively debate on whether these models possess reasoning capabilities similar to humans. However, despite these successes, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Philipp Mondorf , Barbara Plank