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Multi-controlled Toffoli gates are fundamental building blocks in quantum computation, with applications in quantum arithmetic, simulation, and search algorithms. In fault-tolerant architectures, their realization is constrained by the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Majd Assaad , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler

This paper introduces an algorithm designed to approximate quantum transformation matrix with a restricted number of gates by using the block decomposition technique. Addressing challenges posed by numerous gates in handling large qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Lai Kin Man , Xin Wang

We propose a theory of characterizing quantum circuits with qubit functional configurations. Any quantum circuit can be decomposed into alternating sequences of 1-qubit unitary gates and CNOT gates. Each CNOT sequence prepares the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 Zixuan Hu , Sabre Kais

The problem of finding efficient decompositions of multi-qubit gates is of importance for quantum computing, especially, in application to existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, whose resources are substantially limited. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-05 A. S. Nikolaeva , E. O. Kiktenko , A. K. Fedorov

A recurrence scheme is presented to decompose an $n$-qubit unitary gate to the product of no more than $N(N-1)/2$ single qubit gates with small number of controls, where $N = 2^n$. Detailed description of the recurrence steps and formulas…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-06 Chi-Kwong Li , Diane Pelejo

Topological quantum computation may provide a robust approach for encoding and manipulating information utilizing the topological properties of anyonic quasi-particle excitations. We develop an efficient means to map between dense and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-02 Haitan Xu , J. M. Taylor

Gate-based universal quantum computation is formulated in terms of two types of operations: local single-qubit gates, which are typically easily implementable, and two-qubit entangling gates, whose faithful implementation remains one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Xiaoqin Gao , Paul Appel , Nicolai Friis , Martin Ringbauer , Marcus Huber

Although only two quantum states of a physical system are often used to encode quantum information in the form of qubits, many levels can in principle be used to obtain qudits and increase the information capacity of the system. To take…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Aryan Iliat , Mark Byrd , Sahel Ashhab , LianAo Wu

Efficient verification of the functioning of quantum devices is a key to the development of quantum technologies, but is a daunting task as the system size increases. Here we propose a simple and general framework for verifying unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-17 Huangjun Zhu , Haoyu Zhang

We study the achievements of quantum circuits comprised of several one- and two-qubit gates. Quantum process matrices are determined for the basic one- and two-qubit gate operations and concatenated to yield the process matrix of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-11 J. Gulliksen , D. D. Bhaktavatsala Rao , K. Mølmer

An $(n+1)$-bit Toffoli gate is mainly utilized to construct other quantum gates and operators, such as Fredkin gates, arithmetical adders, and logical comparators, where $n \geq 2$. Several researchers introduced different methods to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-03 Shanyan Chen , Ali Al-Bayaty , Xiaoyu Song , Marek Perkowski

Fault-tolerant quantum computation requires minimizing non-Clifford gates, whose implementation via magic state distillation dominates the resource costs. While $T$-count minimization is well-studied, dedicated $CCZ$ factories shift the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Kirill Khoruzhii , Patrick Gelß , Sebastian Pokutta

Current quantum computers are especially error prone and require high levels of optimization to reduce operation counts and maximize the probability the compiled program will succeed. These computers only support operations decomposed into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-18 Casey Duckering , Jonathan M. Baker , Andrew Litteken , Frederic T. Chong

This paper is concentrated on the classification of permutation matrix with the permutation similarity relation, mainly about the canonical form of a permutational similar equivalence class, the cycle matrix decomposition of a permutation…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2018-07-05 Wenwei Li

Multi-photon states are widely applied in quantum information technology. By the methods presented in this paper, the structure of a multi-photon state in the form of multiple single photon qubit product can be mapped to a single photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-16 Qing Lin , Bing He , János A. Bergou , Yuhang Ren

In topological quantum computation the geometric details of a particle trajectory are irrelevant; only the topology matters. Taking this one step further, we consider a model of computation that disregards even the topology of the particle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-03 Stephen P. Jordan

We consider the problem of the variational quantum circuit synthesis into a gate set consisting of the CNOT gate and arbitrary single-qubit (1q) gates with the primary target being the minimization of the CNOT count. First we note that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Nikita A. Nemkov , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Ilia A. Luchnikov , Aleksey K. Fedorov

Optimal implementation of quantum gates is crucial for designing a quantum computer. We consider the matrix representation of an arbitrary multiqubit gate. By ordering the basis vectors using the Gray code, we construct the quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Juha J. Vartiainen , Mikko Mottonen , Martti M. Salomaa

In this paper, we exclusively utilize CNOT gates for implementing permutation groups generated by more than two elements. In Lemma 1, we recall that three CNOT gates are both necessary and sufficient to execute a two-qubit swap gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Junchi Liu , Yangyang Ren , Yan Cao , Hanyi Sun , Lin Chen

Physical implementation of scalable quantum architectures faces an immense challenge in form of fragile quantum states. To overcome it, quantum architectures with fault tolerance is desirable. This is achieved currently by using surface…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Laxmidhar Biswal , Debjyoti Bhattacharjee , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Hafizur Rahaman