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Model extraction attacks aim to duplicate a machine learning model through query access to a target model. Early studies mainly focus on discriminative models. Despite the success, model extraction attacks against generative models are less…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Hailong Hu , Jun Pang

Machine Learning-as-a-Service (MLaaS) has become a widespread paradigm, making even the most complex machine learning models available for clients via e.g. a pay-per-query principle. This allows users to avoid time-consuming processes of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Daryna Oliynyk , Rudolf Mayer , Andreas Rauber

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely adopted to analyse non-Euclidean data, such as chemical networks, brain networks, and social networks, modelling complex relationships and interdependency between objects. Recently, Membership…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Bang Wu , Xiangwen Yang , Shirui Pan , Xingliang Yuan

Machine learning (ML) models have significantly grown in complexity and utility, driving advances across multiple domains. However, substantial computational resources and specialized expertise have historically restricted their wide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Kaixiang Zhao , Lincan Li , Kaize Ding , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yue Zhao , Yushun Dong

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used and deployed for graph-based prediction tasks. However, as good as GNNs are for learning graph data, they also come with the risk of privacy leakage. For instance, an attacker can run carefully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Mir Imtiaz Mostafiz , Imtiaz Karim , Elisa Bertino

Graph neural networks(GNNs) have a wide range of applications in multimedia.Recent studies have shown that Graph neural networks(GNNs) are vulnerable to link stealing attacks,which infers the existence of edges in the target GNN's training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yuxing Zhang , Siyuan Meng , Chunchun Chen , Mengyao Peng , Hongyan Gu , Xinli Huang

Data-free model stealing involves replicating the functionality of a target model into a substitute model without accessing the target model's structure, parameters, or training data. The adversary can only access the target model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Gaozheng Pei , Shaojie lyu , Ke Ma , Pinci Yang , Qianqian Xu , Yingfei Sun

Existing data-free model stealing methods use a generator to produce samples in order to train a student model to match the target model outputs. To this end, the two main challenges are estimating gradients of the target model without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 James Beetham , Navid Kardan , Ajmal Mian , Mubarak Shah

Model extraction attacks (MEAs) enable an attacker to replicate the functionality of a victim deep neural network (DNN) model by only querying its API service remotely, posing a severe threat to the security and integrity of pay-per-query…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Di Mi , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Shengshan Hu , Qi Zhong , Haizhuan Yuan , Shirui Pan

While deep neural networks have achieved great success in graph analysis, recent work has shown that they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Compared with adversarial attacks on image classification, performing adversarial attacks on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Zhengyi Wang , Zhongkai Hao , Ziqiao Wang , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

The widespread use of deep learning technology across various industries has made deep neural network models highly valuable and, as a result, attractive targets for potential attackers. Model extraction attacks, particularly query-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Zeyu Li , Chenghui Shi , Yuwen Pu , Xuhong Zhang , Yu Li , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Many real-world data comes in the form of graphs, such as social networks and protein structure. To fully utilize the information contained in graph data, a new family of machine learning (ML) models, namely graph neural networks (GNNs),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Xinlei He , Rui Wen , Yixin Wu , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Machine learning is being increasingly used by individuals, research institutions, and corporations. This has resulted in the surge of Machine Learning-as-a-Service (MLaaS) - cloud services that provide (a) tools and resources to learn the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Varun Chandrasekaran , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Irene Giacomelli , Somesh Jha , Songbai Yan

Graph anomaly detection technology has broad applications in financial fraud and risk control. However, existing graph anomaly detection methods often face significant challenges when dealing with complex and variable abnormal patterns, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Qingyue Cao , Bo Jin , Changwei Gong , Xin Tong , Wenzheng Li , Xiaodong Zhou

The use of machine learning (ML) has become increasingly prevalent in various domains, highlighting the importance of understanding and ensuring its safety. One pressing concern is the vulnerability of ML applications to model stealing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ganghua Wang , Yuhong Yang , Jie Ding

The widespread adoption of generative models such as Stable Diffusion and ChatGPT has made them increasingly attractive targets for malicious exploitation, particularly through data poisoning. Existing poisoning attacks compromising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Mathias Lundteigen Mohus , Jingyue Li , Zhirong Yang

Machine learning models deployed as a service (MLaaS) are susceptible to model stealing attacks, where an adversary attempts to steal the model within a restricted access framework. While existing attacks demonstrate near-perfect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Sunandini Sanyal , Sravanti Addepalli , R. Venkatesh Babu

Compared to traditional neural networks with a single output channel, a multi-exit network has multiple exits that allow for early outputs from the model's intermediate layers, thus significantly improving computational efficiency while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Li Pan , Lv Peizhuo , Chen Kai , Zhang Shengzhi , Cai Yuling , Xiang Fan

Model Stealing (MS) attacks allow an adversary with black-box access to a Machine Learning model to replicate its functionality, compromising the confidentiality of the model. Such attacks train a clone model by using the predictions of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-02 Sanjay Kariyappa , Atul Prakash , Moinuddin Qureshi

Model extraction attacks aim to replicate the functionality of a black-box model through query access, threatening the intellectual property (IP) of machine-learning-as-a-service (MLaaS) providers. Defending against such attacks is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xueqi Cheng , Minxing Zheng , Shixiang Zhu , Yushun Dong