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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are now operating on public roads, which makes their testing and validation more critical than ever. Simulation offers a safe and controlled environment for evaluating AV performance in varied conditions. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Saeed Rahmani , Shiva Rasouli , Daphne Cornelisse , Eugene Vinitsky , Bart van Arem , Simeon C. Calvert

In the automobile industry, ensuring the safety of automated vehicles equipped with the Automated Driving System (ADS) is becoming a significant focus due to the increasing development and deployment of automated driving. Automated driving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-06 Milin Patel , Rolf Jung , Marzana Khatun

Recent transportation research highlights the potential of autonomous vehicles (AV) to improve traffic flow mobility as they are able to maintain smaller car-following distances. However, as a unique class of ground robots, AVs are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Hangyu Li , Xiaotong Sun , Chenglin Zhuang , Xiaopeng Li

Evaluating the safety of an autonomous vehicle (AV) depends on the behavior of surrounding agents which can be heavily influenced by factors such as environmental context and informally-defined driving etiquette. A key challenge is in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Karen Leung , Sushant Veer , Edward Schmerling , Marco Pavone

This paper introduces and tests a framework integrating traffic regulation compliance into automated driving systems (ADS). The framework enables ADS to follow traffic laws and make informed decisions based on the driving environment. Using…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Xu Han , Zhiwen Wu , Xin Xia , Jiaqi Ma

This paper serves as an introduction and overview of the potentially useful models and methodologies from artificial intelligence (AI) into the field of transportation engineering for autonomous vehicle (AV) control in the era of mixed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Xuan Di , Rongye Shi

This report provides an introduction and overview of the Technical Topic Notes (TTNs) produced in the Towards Identifying and closing Gaps in Assurance of autonomous Road vehicleS (Tigars) project. These notes aim to support the development…

As autonomous vehicles (AVs) become increasingly prevalent, their interaction with human drivers presents a critical challenge. Current AVs lack social awareness, causing behavior that is often awkward or unsafe. To combat this, social AVs,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Anirudh Chari , Rui Chen , Jaskaran Grover , Changliu Liu

The autonomous vehicle (AV) is a safety-critical system relying on complex sensors and algorithms. The AV may confront risk conditions if these sensors and algorithms misunderstand the environment and situation, even though all components…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-18 Xingyu Xing , Tong Jia , Junyi Chen , Lu Xiong , Zhuoping Yu

Trust is essential for automated vehicles (AVs) to promote and sustain technology acceptance in human-dominated traffic scenarios. However, computational trust dynamic models describing the interactive relationship between the AVs and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-09 Mehmet Fatih Ozkan , Yao Ma

Vehicles in public traffic that are equipped with Automated Driving Systems are subject to a number of expectations: Among other aspects, their behavior should be safe, conforming to the rules of the road and provide mobility to their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Nayel Fabian Salem , Marcus Nolte , Veronica Haber , Till Menzel , Hans Steege , Robert Graubohm , Markus Maurer

Accurately simulating rare but safety-critical driving behaviors is essential for the evaluation and certification of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, current models often fail to reproduce realistic collision rates when calibrated on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Wang Chen , Heye Huang , Ke Ma , Hangyu Li , Shixiao Liang , Hang Zhou , Xiaopeng Li

This paper describes (R)ules (o)f (T)he (R)oad (A)dvisor, an agent that provides recommended and possible actions to be generated from a set of human-level rules. We describe the architecture and design of RoTRA, both formally and with an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Joe Collenette , Louise A. Dennis , Michael Fisher

Traffic signs play a key role in assisting autonomous driving systems (ADS) by enabling the assessment of vehicle behavior in compliance with traffic regulations and providing navigation instructions. However, current works are limited to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Chuang Yang , Xu Han , Tao Han , Yuejiao SU , Junyu Gao , Hongyuan Zhang , Yi Wang , Lap-Pui Chau

The rapid advancements in autonomous vehicle software present both opportunities and challenges, especially in enhancing road safety. The primary objective of autonomous vehicles is to reduce accident rates through improved safety measures.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Carlos Conejo , Vicenç Puig , Bernardo Morcego , Francisco Navas , Vicente Milanés

The safety approval of Highly Automated Vehicles (HAV) is economically infeasible with current approaches. For verification and validation, it is essential to describe the intended behavior of an HAV in the development process in order to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Moritz Lippert , Felix Glatzki , Hermann Winner

Automated Vehicles (AVs) hold promise for revolutionizing transportation by improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall mobility. Despite the steady advancement in high-level AVs in recent years, the transition to full automation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yongqi Dong , Bart van Arem , Haneen Farah

Real-time safety metrics are important for the automated driving system (ADS) to assess the risk of driving situations and to assist the decision-making. Although a number of real-time safety metrics have been proposed in the literature,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Xintao Yan , Shuo Feng , David J. LeBlanc , Carol Flannagan , Henry X. Liu

Safety and mission performance validation of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a major challenge. In this paper we describe a methodology for constructing and applying assertion checks to validate the behaviour of an AV operating either in…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Christopher Harper , Greg Chance , Abanoub Ghobrial , Saquib Alam , Tony Pipe , Kerstin Eder

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving technologies has significantly propelled the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, psychological barriers continue to impede widespread AV adoption,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yandika Sirgabsou , Benjamin Hardin , François Leblanc , Efi Raili , Pericle Salvini , David Jackson , Marina Jirotka , Lars Kunze