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The Census TopDown Algorithm (TDA) is a disclosure avoidance system using differential privacy for privacy-loss accounting. The algorithm ingests the final, edited version of the 2020 Census data and the final tabulation geographic…

The US Census Bureau plans to protect the privacy of 2020 Census respondents through its Disclosure Avoidance System (DAS), which attempts to achieve differential privacy guarantees by adding noise to the Census microdata. By applying…

Applications · Statistics 2021-11-12 Christopher T. Kenny , Shiro Kuriwaki , Cory McCartan , Evan Rosenman , Tyler Simko , Kosuke Imai

This article describes SafeTab-H, a disclosure avoidance algorithm applied to the release of the U.S. Census Bureau's Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File B (Detailed DHC-B) as part of the 2020 Census. The tabulations…

The US Census Bureau Disclosure Avoidance System (DAS) balances confidentiality and utility requirements for the decennial US Census (Abowd et al., 2022). The DAS was used in the 2020 Census to produce demographic datasets critically used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Badih Ghazi , Pritish Kamath , Ravi Kumar , Pasin Manurangsi , Adam Sealfon

This article describes the disclosure avoidance algorithm that the U.S. Census Bureau used to protect the 2020 Census Supplemental Demographic and Housing Characteristics File (S-DHC). The tabulations contain statistics of counts of U.S.…

This article describes the disclosure avoidance algorithm that the U.S. Census Bureau used to protect the Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File A (Detailed DHC-A) of the 2020 Census. The tabulations contain statistics…

Data from the Decennial Census is published only after applying a disclosure avoidance system (DAS). Data users were shaken by the adoption of differential privacy in the 2020 DAS, a radical departure from past methods. The goal of this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Christian Cianfarani , Aloni Cohen

The 2020 Decennial Census will be released with a new disclosure avoidance system in place, putting differential privacy in the spotlight for a wide range of data users. We consider several key applications of Census data in redistricting,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Aloni Cohen , Moon Duchin , JN Matthews , Bhushan Suwal

This article describes a proposed differentially private (DP) algorithms that the US Census Bureau is considering to release the Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC) Race & Ethnicity tabulations as part of the 2020 Census.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Sam Haney , William Sexton , Ashwin Machanavajjhala , Michael Hay , Gerome Miklau

The US Census Bureau will implement a new privacy-preserving disclosure avoidance system (DAS), which includes application of differential privacy, on the public-release 2020 census data. There are concerns that the DAS may bias small-area…

In early 2021, the US Census Bureau will begin releasing statistical tables based on the decennial census conducted in 2020. Because of significant changes in the data landscape, the Census Bureau is changing its approach to disclosure…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-07-09 danah boyd

The 2020 Census Disclosure Avoidance System (DAS) is a formally private mechanism that first adds independent noise to cross tabulations for a set of pre-specified hierarchical geographic units, which is known as the geographic spine. After…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Ryan Cumings-Menon , John M. Abowd , Robert Ashmead , Daniel Kifer , Philip Leclerc , Jeffrey Ocker , Michael Ratcliffe , Pavel Zhuravlev

In an era where external data and computational capabilities far exceed statistical agencies' own resources and capabilities, they face the renewed challenge of protecting the confidentiality of underlying microdata when publishing…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-29 John M Abowd , Michael B Hawes

In "Differential Perspectives: Epistemic Disconnects Surrounding the US Census Bureau's Use of Differential Privacy," boyd and Sarathy argue that empirical evaluations of the Census Disclosure Avoidance System (DAS), including our published…

To protect the confidentiality of the 2020 Census, the U.S. Census Bureau adopted a statistical disclosure limitation framework based on the principles of differential privacy. A key component was the TopDown Algorithm, which applied…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-26 Robert Ashmead , Michael B. Hawes , Mary Pritts , Pavel Zhuravlev , Sallie Ann Keller

The U.S. Census Bureau is using differential privacy (DP) to protect confidential respondent data collected for the 2020 Decennial Census of Population & Housing. The Census Bureau's DP system is implemented in the Disclosure Avoidance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Simson L. Garfinkel , Philip Leclerc

The US Decennial Census provides valuable data for both research and policy purposes. Census data are subject to a variety of disclosure avoidance techniques prior to release in order to preserve respondent confidentiality. While many are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Cynthia Dwork , Kristjan Greenewald , Manish Raghavan

In 2017, the United States Census Bureau announced that because of high disclosure risk in the methodology (data swapping) used to produce tabular data for the 2010 census, a different protection mechanism based on differential privacy…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Krish Muralidhar , Steven Ruggles

McCartan et al. (2023) call for "making differential privacy work for census data users." This commentary explains why the 2020 Census Noisy Measurement Files (NMFs) are not the best focus for that plea. The August 2021 letter from 62…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-02 John M. Abowd

As the U.S. Census Bureau implements its controversial new disclosure avoidance system, researchers and policymakers debate the necessity of new privacy protections for public statistics. With experiments on both public statistics and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Ryan Steed , Diana Qing , Zhiwei Steven Wu
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