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An essential problem in causal inference is estimating causal effects from observational data. The problem becomes more challenging with the presence of unobserved confounders. When there are unobserved confounders, the commonly used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ziqi Xu , Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Jixue Liu , Lin Liu , Kui Yu

The front-door criterion can be used to identify and compute causal effects despite the existence of unmeasured confounders between a treatment and outcome. However, the key assumptions -- (i) the existence of a variable (or set of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-20 Rohit Bhattacharya , Razieh Nabi

We present new results on average causal effects in settings with unmeasured exposure-outcome confounding. Our results are motivated by a class of estimands, e.g., frequently of interest in medicine and public health, that are currently not…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-25 Lan Wen , Aaron L. Sarvet , Mats J. Stensrud

Semiparametric inference on average causal effects from observational data is based on assumptions yielding identification of the effects. In practice, several distinct identifying assumptions may be plausible; an analyst has to make a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Tetiana Gorbach , Xavier de Luna , Juha Karvanen , Ingeborg Waernbaum

This paper addresses the problem of estimating causal effects when adjustment variables in the back-door or front-door criterion are partially observed. For such scenarios, we derive bounds on the causal effects by solving two non-linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-24 Ang Li , Judea Pearl

Causal effect estimation often succeeds cost-constrained sequential data collection. This work considers multivariate linear front-door models with arbitrary unobserved confounding on treatment and response. We optimize the experimental…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Leopold Mareis , Mathias Drton

Causal effect estimation from data typically requires assumptions about the cause-effect relations either explicitly in the form of a causal graph structure within the Pearlian framework, or implicitly in terms of (conditional) independence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Abhin Shah , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Murat Kocaoglu

Proximal causal inference was recently proposed as a framework to identify causal effects from observational data in the presence of hidden confounders for which proxies are available. In this paper, we extend the proximal causal inference…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-01-27 AmirEmad Ghassami , Alan Yang , Ilya Shpitser , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

The front-door criterion is an identification strategy for the intervention-specific mean outcome in settings where the standard back-door criterion fails due to unmeasured exposure-outcome confounders, but an intermediate variable exists…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Marie S. Breum , Helene C. W. Rytgaard , Torben Martinussen , Erin E. Gabriel

An essential and challenging problem in causal inference is causal effect estimation from observational data. The problem becomes more difficult with the presence of unobserved confounding variables. The front-door adjustment is a practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Ziqi Xu , Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Jixue Liu , Lin Liu , Kui Yu

Missing exposure information is a very common feature of many observational studies. Here we study identifiability and efficient estimation of causal effects on vector outcomes, in such cases where treatment is unconfounded but partially…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-04 Edward H. Kennedy

Given a causal graph, the do-calculus can express treatment effects as functionals of the observational joint distribution that can be estimated empirically. Sometimes the do-calculus identifies multiple valid formulae, prompting us to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-15 Shantanu Gupta , Zachary C. Lipton , David Childers

The proximal causal inference framework enables the identification and estimation of causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging two disjoint sets of observed strong proxies: negative control treatments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-16 Antonio Olivas-Martinez , Peter B. Gilbert , Andrea Rotnitzky

Backdoor adjustment is a technique in causal inference for estimating interventional quantities from purely observational data. For example, in medical settings, backdoor adjustment can be used to control for confounding and estimate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Daniel Israel , Aditya Grover , Guy Van den Broeck

We consider the problem of estimating causal effects of interventions from observational data when well-known back-door and front-door adjustments are not applicable. We show that when an identifiable causal effect is subject to an implicit…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-13 Jouni Helske , Santtu Tikka , Juha Karvanen

We consider the estimation of average and counterfactual treatment effects, under two settings: back-door adjustment and front-door adjustment. The goal in both cases is to recover the treatment effect without having an access to a hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Liyuan Xu , Arthur Gretton

Identifying the effects of new interventions from data is a significant challenge found across a wide range of the empirical sciences. A well-known strategy for identifying such effects is Pearl's front-door (FD) criterion (Pearl, 1995).…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-17 Hyunchai Jeong , Jin Tian , Elias Bareinboim

Unmeasured confounding, unethical exposure, and ill-defined interventions pose significant challenges to evaluating policy-relevant mediation estimands in medicine and public health. In observational studies involving harmful exposures, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Yang Bai , Yifan Cui , Baoluo Sun

Treatment effect estimation from observational data is a fundamental problem in causal inference. There are two very different schools of thought that have tackled this problem. On one hand, Pearlian framework commonly assumes structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Abhin Shah , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Kartik Ahuja

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen
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