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Previous research on word embeddings has shown that sparse representations, which can be either learned on top of existing dense embeddings or obtained through model constraints during training time, have the benefit of increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Valentin Trifonov , Octavian-Eugen Ganea , Anna Potapenko , Thomas Hofmann

The recent tremendous success of unsupervised word embeddings in a multitude of applications raises the obvious question if similar methods could be derived to improve embeddings (i.e. semantic representations) of word sequences as well. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Matteo Pagliardini , Prakhar Gupta , Martin Jaggi

Narrative understanding requires multidimensional semantic structures. This study investigates whether BERT embeddings encode dimensions of fictional narrative semantics -- time, space, causality, and character. Using an LLM to accelerate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Beicheng Bei , Hannah Hyesun Chun , Chen Guo , Arwa Saghiri

Vector representations of sentences, trained on massive text corpora, are widely used as generic sentence embeddings across a variety of NLP problems. The learned representations are generally assumed to be continuous and real-valued,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Dinghan Shen , Pengyu Cheng , Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Xinyuan Zhang , Qian Yang , Meng Tang , Asli Celikyilmaz , Lawrence Carin

We present two deep learning approaches to narrative text understanding for character relationship modelling. The temporal evolution of these relations is described by dynamic word embeddings, that are designed to learn semantic changes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Vani K , Simone Mellace , Alessandro Antonucci

Pre-trained contextualized embedding models such as BERT are a standard building block in many natural language processing systems. We demonstrate that the sentence-level representations produced by some off-the-shelf contextualized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Xiliang Zhu , David Rossouw , Shayna Gardiner , Simon Corston-Oliver

We study methods for learning sentence embeddings with syntactic structure. We focus on methods of learning syntactic sentence-embeddings by using a multilingual parallel-corpus augmented by Universal Parts-of-Speech tags. We evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Chen Liu , Anderson de Andrade , Muhammad Osama

Black-box probing models can reliably extract linguistic features like tense, number, and syntactic role from pretrained word representations. However, the manner in which these features are encoded in representations remains poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Evan Hernandez , Jacob Andreas

Word embeddings -- distributed representations of words -- in deep learning are beneficial for many tasks in natural language processing (NLP). However, different embedding sets vary greatly in quality and characteristics of the captured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-31 Wenpeng Yin , Hinrich Schütze

Pre-trained contextual language models are ubiquitously employed for language understanding tasks, but are unsuitable for resource-constrained systems. Noncontextual word embeddings are an efficient alternative in these settings. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Anik Saha , Alex Gittens , Bulent Yener

Sentence-level representations are beneficial for various natural language processing tasks. It is commonly believed that vector representations can capture rich linguistic properties. Currently, large language models (LMs) achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Haoran Li , Mingshi Xu , Yangqiu Song

We propose spoken sentence embeddings which capture both acoustic and linguistic content. While existing works operate at the character, phoneme, or word level, our method learns long-term dependencies by modeling speech at the sentence…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Albert Haque , Michelle Guo , Prateek Verma , Li Fei-Fei

Word embedding models offer continuous vector representations that can capture rich contextual semantics based on their word co-occurrence patterns. While these word vectors can provide very effective features used in many NLP tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Cem Safak Sahin , Rajmonda S. Caceres , Brandon Oselio , William M. Campbell

Distributed representations of words have been shown to capture lexical semantics, as demonstrated by their effectiveness in word similarity and analogical relation tasks. But, these tasks only evaluate lexical semantics indirectly. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-02 Thanapon Noraset , Chen Liang , Larry Birnbaum , Doug Downey

We propose new static word embeddings optimised for sentence semantic representation. We first extract word embeddings from a pre-trained Sentence Transformer, and improve them with sentence-level principal component analysis, followed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Takashi Wada , Yuki Hirakawa , Ryotaro Shimizu , Takahiro Kawashima , Yuki Saito

Phrase representations derived from BERT often do not exhibit complex phrasal compositionality, as the model relies instead on lexical similarity to determine semantic relatedness. In this paper, we propose a contrastive fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Shufan Wang , Laure Thompson , Mohit Iyyer

Exploiting rich linguistic information in raw text is crucial for expressive text-to-speech (TTS). As large scale pre-trained text representation develops, bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers (BERT) has been proven to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Yixuan Zhou , Changhe Song , Jingbei Li , Zhiyong Wu , Yanyao Bian , Dan Su , Helen Meng

The way the words are used evolves through time, mirroring cultural or technological evolution of society. Semantic change detection is the task of detecting and analysing word evolution in textual data, even in short periods of time. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Matej Martinc , Syrielle Montariol , Elaine Zosa , Lidia Pivovarova

Semantic representations of text, i.e. representations of natural language which capture meaning by geometry, are essential for areas such as information retrieval and document grouping. High-dimensional trained dense vectors have received…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Beatrix M. G. Nielsen , Lars Kai Hansen

Neural language models exhibit impressive performance on a variety of tasks, but their internal reasoning may be difficult to understand. Prior art aims to uncover meaningful properties within model representations via probes, but it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Mycal Tucker , Peng Qian , Roger Levy