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Permissionless Proof-of-Stake (PoS) economic security is predicated on the high cost of violating consensus safety or liveness. We show that liquid staking introduces additional risks that are not captured by standard PoS economic security…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sen Yang , Aviv Yaish , Arthur Gervais , Fan Zhang

The consensus protocol is a critical component of distributed ledgers and blockchains. Achieving consensus over a decentralized network poses challenges to transaction finality and performance. Currently, the highest-performing consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Pascal Berrang , Inês Cruz , Bruno França , Philipp von Styp-Rekowsky , Marvin Wissfeld

With the increasing adoption of decentralized information systems based on a variety of permissionless blockchain networks, the choice of consensus mechanism is at the core of many controversial discussions. Ethereum's recent transition…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Iván Abellán Álvarez , Vincent Gramlich , Johannes Sedlmeir

A blockchain is a decentralized ledger where all transactions are recorded. For having a reliable blockchain and double-spending prevention, we need a decentralized consensus and agreement on a blockchain. Bitcoin uses proof-of-work (PoW).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Siamak Solat

We improve the fundamental security threshold of eventual consensus Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols under the longest-chain rule by showing, for the first time, the positive effect of rounds with concurrent honest leaders. Current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Aggelos Kiayias , Saad Quader , Alexander Russell

Blockchain has been forming the central piece of various types of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) network for trusted data exchange. Recently, permissioned blockchains garner particular attention thanks to their improved scalability and diverse…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Seungmo Kim , Ahmed S. Ibrahim

Mobile service providers (MSPs) are particularly vulnerable to roaming frauds, especially ones that exploit the long delay in the data exchange process of the contemporary roaming management systems, causing multi-billion dollars loss each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Cong T. Nguyen , Diep N. Nguyen , Dinh Thai Hoang , Hoang-Anh Pham , Nguyen Huynh Tuong , Yong Xiao , Eryk Dutkiewicz

Blockchains have witnessed widespread adoption in the past decade in various fields. The growing demand makes their scalability and sustainability challenges more evident than ever. As a result, more and more blockchains have begun to adopt…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Shashank Motepalli , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

This master thesis deals with Blockchain Technology in mobile turn based peer to peer games. First, it investigates the capabilities of Blockchain Technology to be used for gaming applications. In this regard, among others,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Dominik Braun

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain systems, especially those that allow stakeholders to organize themselves in ``stake-pools'', have emerged as a compelling paradigm for the deployment of large scale distributed ledgers. A stake-pool operates…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Aggelos Kiayias , Elias Koutsoupias , Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka

Multi-agent systems require effective coordination between groups and individuals to achieve common goals. However, current multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods primarily focus on improving individual policies and do not…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Jingqing Ruan , Xiaotian Hao , Dong Li , Hangyu Mao

The Decentralized-Consistent-Scale (DCS) Triangle defines three dimensions that illustrate the tradeoffs of the blockchain consensus mechanism. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid consensus protocol, called Deterministic Proof of Work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Zhuan Cheng , Gang Wu , Hao Wu , Muxing Zhao , Liang Zhao , Qingfeng Cai

The rapid development of blockchain technology has driven the widespread application of decentralized applications (DApps) across various fields. However, DApps cannot directly access external data and rely on oracles to interact with…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hengyang Zhang , Shike Li , Hang Bao , Sixing Wu , Jianbin Li

Resource-based consensus is the backbone of permissionless distributed ledger systems. The security of such protocols relies fundamentally on the level of resources actively engaged in the system. The variety of different resources (and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Matthias Fitzi , Xuechao Wang , Sreeram Kannan , Aggelos Kiayias , Nikos Leonardos , Pramod Viswanath , Gerui Wang

Current blockchain consensus protocols -- notably, Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) -- deliver global agreement but exhibit structural constraints. PoW anchors security in heavy computation, inflating energy use and imposing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Kyle Habib , Vladislav Kapitsyn , Giovanni Mazzeo , Faisal Mehrban

Proof-of-stake (PoS) is a promising approach for designing efficient blockchains, where block proposers are randomly chosen with probability proportional to their stake. A primary concern with PoS systems is the "rich getting richer"…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Giulia Fanti , Leonid Kogan , Sewoong Oh , Kathleen Ruan , Pramod Viswanath , Gerui Wang

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple participants to collaboratively train machine learning models while ensuring their data remains private and secure. Blockchain technology further enhances FL by providing stronger security, a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Tianxing Fu , Jia Hu , Geyong Min , Zi Wang

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a prominent Sybil control mechanism for blockchain-based systems. In "e-PoS: Making PoS Decentralized and Fair," Saad et al. (TPDS'21) introduced a new Proof-of-Stake protocol, e-PoS, to enhance PoS applications'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Suhyeon Lee , Seungjoo Kim

Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity due to their transparency, security, and accessibility compared to traditional financial systems, with Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, leading the market. Bitcoin's security relies on blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Dinitha Wijewardhana , Sugandima Vidanagamachchi , Nalin Arachchilage

The security and decentralization of Proof-of-Work (PoW) have been well-tested in existing blockchain systems. However, its tremendous energy waste has raised concerns about sustainability. Proof-of-Useful-Work (PoUW) aims to redirect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Weihang Cao , Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus