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Recent large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 exhibit strong complex problems solving abilities by generating long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning steps. It is challenging to directly train small language models (SLMs) to emerge long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Zhaoyang Wang , Jinqi Jiang , Tian Qiu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Huaxiu Yao

Recent advances in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting have substantially improved the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, these methods often suffer from overthinking, leading to unnecessarily lengthy or redundant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zhensheng Jin , Xinze Li , Yifan Ji , Chunyi Peng , Zhenghao Liu , Qi Shi , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Furong Peng , Ge Yu

We propose a novel prompt design paradigm that challenges conventional wisdom in large language model (LLM) prompting. While conventional wisdom prioritizes well-crafted instructions and demonstrations for in-context learning (ICL), we show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jianyu Wang , Zhiqiang Hu , Lidong Bing

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow dramatically in size, there is an increasing trend in compressing and speeding up these models. Previous studies have highlighted the usefulness of gradients for importance scoring in neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Hongrong Cheng , Miao Zhang , Javen Qinfeng Shi

While Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting approaches have significantly consolidated the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), they still face limitations that require extensive human effort or have performance needs to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Kangyang Luo , Zichen Ding , Zhenmin Weng , Lingfeng Qiao , Meng Zhao , Xiang Li , Di Yin , Jinlong Shu

The increasing scale of large language models (LLMs) brings emergent abilities to various complex tasks requiring reasoning, such as arithmetic and commonsense reasoning. It is known that the effective design of task-specific prompts is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Shizhe Diao , Pengcheng Wang , Yong Lin , Rui Pan , Xiang Liu , Tong Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of solving a wide range of tasks, yet they have struggled with reasoning. To address this, we propose $\textbf{Additional Logic Training (ALT)}$, which aims to enhance LLMs' reasoning capabilities by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Terufumi Morishita , Gaku Morio , Atsuki Yamaguchi , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in advancing natural language processing but often struggle with complex reasoning tasks due to inefficient attention distributions. In this paper, we explore the effect of increased computed tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

Does prompting a large language model (LLM) like GPT-3 with explanations improve in-context learning? We study this question on two NLP tasks that involve reasoning over text, namely question answering and natural language inference. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Xi Ye , Greg Durrett

Large language models have emerged as powerful tools for general intelligence, showcasing advanced natural language processing capabilities that find applications across diverse domains. Despite their impressive performance, recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Elita Lobo , Chirag Agarwal , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting is a de-facto standard technique to elicit reasoning-like responses from large language models (LLMs), allowing them to spell out individual steps before giving a final answer. While the resemblance to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Gregor Bachmann , Yichen Jiang , Seyed Mohsen Moosavi Dezfooli , Moin Nabi

Compressing long chain-of-thought (CoT) from large language models (LLMs) is an emerging strategy to improve the reasoning efficiency of LLMs. Despite its promising benefits, existing studies equally compress all thoughts within a long CoT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yansong Ning , Wei Li , Jun Fang , Naiqiang Tan , Hao Liu

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has been widely recognized for its ability to enhance reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs). However, our study reveals a surprising contradiction to this prevailing perspective within the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Tianshi Zheng , Yixiang Chen , Chengxi Li , Chunyang Li , Qing Zong , Haochen Shi , Baixuan Xu , Yangqiu Song , Ginny Y. Wong , Simon See

While Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning significantly improves Large Language Models (LLMs) performance on complex reasoning tasks, the substantial computational and memory costs of generating long CoT sequences limit their efficiency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Liang Zhang , Yu Zhao , Longyue Wang , Tianqi Shi , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Jinsong Su

Mathematical reasoning has been challenging for large language models (LLMs), and the introduction of step-by-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) inference has significantly advanced the mathematical capabilities of LLMs. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lang Cao , Yingtian Zou , Chao Peng , Renhong Chen , Wu Ning , Yitong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have dramatically enhanced the field of language intelligence, as demonstrably evidenced by their formidable empirical performance across a spectrum of complex reasoning tasks. Additionally, theoretical proofs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Zhuosheng Zhang , Yao Yao , Aston Zhang , Xiangru Tang , Xinbei Ma , Zhiwei He , Yiming Wang , Mark Gerstein , Rui Wang , Gongshen Liu , Hai Zhao

Owing to the capability of in-context learning, large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance across diverse mathematical reasoning benchmarks. However, we find that few-shot demonstrations can sometimes bring negative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jiayu Liu , Zhenya Huang , Chaokun Wang , Xunpeng Huang , Chengxiang Zhai , Enhong Chen

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting plays an indispensable role in endowing large language models (LLMs) with complex reasoning capabilities. However, CoT currently faces two fundamental challenges: (1) Sufficiency, which ensures that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xiangning Yu , Zhuohan Wang , Linyi Yang , Haoxuan Li , Anjie Liu , Xiao Xue , Jun Wang , Mengyue Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, to mitigate the issue of hallucinations, LLMs often incorporate retrieval-augmented pipeline to provide them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Haowen Hou , Fei Ma , Binwen Bai , Xinxin Zhu , Fei Yu

A popular method to adapt large language models (LLMs) to new tasks is in-context learning (ICL), which is effective but incurs high inference costs as context length grows. In this paper we propose a method to perform instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Emily Xiao , Yixiao Zeng , Ada Chen , Chin-Jou Li , Amanda Bertsch , Graham Neubig