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We present a novel protocol for high-fidelity qubit state preparation and measurement (SPAM) that combines standard SPAM methods with a series of in-sequence measurements to detect and remove errors. The protocol can be applied in any…

Correctly characterizing state preparation and measurement (SPAM) processes is a necessary step towards building reliable quantum processing units (QPUs). In this work, we discuss the subtleties behind separately measuring SPAM errors. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-03 Junan Lin , Joel J. Wallman , Ian Hincks , Raymond Laflamme

Rapidly improving gate fidelities for coherent operations mean that errors in state preparation and measurement (SPAM) may become a dominant source of error for fault-tolerant operation of quantum computers. This is particularly acute in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Ben Barber , Neil I. Gillespie , J. M. Taylor

In many platforms, errors from state-preparation and measurement (SPAM) dominate single-qubit gate errors. To inform further hardware improvements and the development of more effective SPAM mitigation strategies, it is necessary to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Muhammad Qasim Khan , Leigh M. Norris , Lorenza Viola

Efficient fidelity estimation of multiqubit quantum states is crucial to many applications in quantum information processing. However, to estimate the infidelity $\epsilon$ with multiplicative precision, conventional estimation protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Zhongyi Yang , Datong Chen , Zihao Li , Huangjun Zhu

Characterizing temporally correlated (``non-Markovian'') noise is a key prerequisite for achieving noise-tailored error mitigation and optimal device performance. Quantum noise spectroscopy can afford quantitative estimation of the noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 Muhammad Qasim Khan , Wenzheng Dong , Leigh M. Norris , Lorenza Viola

We propose a sampling-based simulation for fault-tolerant quantum error correction under coherent noise. A mixture of incoherent and coherent noise, possibly due to over-rotation, is decomposed into Clifford channels with a quasiprobability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Shigeo Hakkaku , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Noise affecting qubit preparation and measurements accounts for a significant fraction of errors in quantum information processing. This is especially critical in tasks like variational quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-25 Jaemin Kim , Seungchan Seo , Jiyoung Yun , Benjamin Lienhard , Joonwoo Bae

Randomized benchmarking is a widely used experimental technique to characterize the average error of quantum operations. Benchmarking procedures that scale to enable characterization of $n$-qubit circuits rely on efficient procedures for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-20 Andrew W. Cross , Easwar Magesan , Lev S. Bishop , John A. Smolin , Jay M. Gambetta

Characterising quantum processes is a key task in and constitutes a challenge for the development of quantum technologies, especially at the noisy intermediate scale of today's devices. One method for characterising processes is randomised…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Ingo Roth , Richard Kueng , Shelby Kimmel , Yi-Kai Liu , David Gross , Jens Eisert , Martin Kliesch

The recently demonstrated trapping and laser cooling of $^{133}$Ba$^+$ has opened the door to the use of this nearly ideal atom for quantum information processing. However, before high fidelity qubit operations can be performed, a number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-11 Justin E. Christensen , David Hucul , Wesley C. Campbell , Eric R. Hudson

State preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors limit the performance of many gate-based quantum computing architecures, but are partly correctable after a calibration step that requires, for an exact implementation on a register of $n$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-16 Mingyu Sun , Michael R. Geller

The performance of quantum gates is often assessed using some form of randomized benchmarking. However, the existing methods become infeasible for more than approximately five qubits. Here we show how to use a simple and customizable class…

We introduce a simulation-free method to estimate the fidelity of large quantum circuits based on the order statistics of measured output probabilities from highly entangled, chaotic states. The approach requires only the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Tobias Micklitz

Quantum tomography is currently ubiquitous for testing any implementation of a quantum information processing device. Various sophisticated procedures for state and process reconstruction from measured data are well developed and benefit…

High-fidelity logical magic states are a critical resource for fault-tolerant quantum computation, enabling non-Clifford logical operations through state injection. However, benchmarking these states presents significant challenges: one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Su-un Lee , Ming Yuan , Senrui Chen , Kento Tsubouchi , Liang Jiang

One of the main challenges in building a quantum processor is to characterize the environmental noise. Noise characterization can be achieved by exploiting different techniques, such as randomization where several sequences of random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Elena Ferraro , Marco De Michielis

Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key…

A major challenge in developing quantum computing technologies is to accomplish high precision tasks by utilizing multiplex optimization approaches, on both the physical system and algorithm levels. Loss functions assessing the overall…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Zhen Wang , Yanzhu Chen , Zixuan Song , Dayue Qin , Hekang Li , Qiujiang Guo , H. Wang , Chao Song , Ying Li

State preparation that initializes quantum systems in a fiducial state and measurements to read outcomes after the evolution of quantum states, both essential elements in quantum information processing in general, may contain noise from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-13 Jaemin Kim , Seungchan Seo , Jiyoung Yun , Joonwoo Bae
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