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We often see the term explainable in the titles of papers that describe applications based on artificial intelligence (AI). However, the literature in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) indicates that explanations in XAI are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Mallika Mainali , Rosina O Weber

eXplainable AI focuses on generating explanations for the output of an AI algorithm to a user, usually a decision-maker. Such user needs to interpret the AI system in order to decide whether to trust the machine outcome. When addressing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Irene Celino

The need for interpretable and accountable intelligent systems grows along with the prevalence of artificial intelligence applications used in everyday life. Explainable intelligent systems are designed to self-explain the reasoning behind…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Sina Mohseni , Niloofar Zarei , Eric D. Ragan

As AI systems increasingly mediate decisions in domains such as credit scoring and financial forecasting, their lack of transparency and bias raises critical concerns for fairness and public trust. Existing explainable AI (XAI) approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kausik Lakkaraju , Siva Likitha Valluru , Biplav Srivastava

A core assumption of Explainable AI (XAI) is that explanations are useful to users -- that is, users will do something with the explanations. Prior work, however, does not clearly connect the information provided in explanations to user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Gennie Mansi , Julia Kim , Mark Riedl

Explainable AI (XAI) refers to techniques that provide human-understandable insights into the workings of AI models. Recently, the focus of XAI is being extended toward explaining Large Language Models (LLMs). This extension calls for a…

Transparency is a major requirement of modern AI based decision making systems deployed in real world. A popular approach for achieving transparency is by means of explanations. A wide variety of different explanations have been proposed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-19 André Artelt , Stelios Vrachimis , Demetrios Eliades , Marios Polycarpou , Barbara Hammer

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques have become popular for multiple use-cases in the past few years. Here we consider its use in studying model predictions to gather additional training data. We argue that this is equivalent to Active…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Emma Thuong Nguyen , Abhishek Ghose

With the availability of large datasets and ever-increasing computing power, there has been a growing use of data-driven artificial intelligence systems, which have shown their potential for successful application in diverse areas. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Jose N. Paredes , Juan Carlos L. Teze , Gerardo I. Simari , Maria Vanina Martinez

As computational systems supported by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques continue to play an increasingly pivotal role in making high-stakes recommendations and decisions across various domains, the demand for explainable AI (XAI) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Muhammad Suffian , Ulrike Kuhl , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

Explainable artificial intelligence is a research field that tries to provide more transparency for autonomous intelligent systems. Explainability has been used, particularly in reinforcement learning and robotic scenarios, to better…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Francisco Cruz , Charlotte Young , Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to make machine learning models transparent and trustworthy, yet most current approaches communicate explanations visually or through text. This paper introduces an information theoretic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mona Rajhans , Vishal Khawarey

It is often argued that effective human-centered explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) should resemble human reasoning. However, empirical investigations of how concepts from cognitive science can aid the design of XAI are lacking.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Balint Gyevnar , Stephanie Droop , Tadeg Quillien , Shay B. Cohen , Neil R. Bramley , Christopher G. Lucas , Stefano V. Albrecht

A core assumption of explainable AI systems is that explanations change what users know, thereby enabling them to act within their complex socio-technical environments. Despite the centrality of action, explanations are often organized and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Gennie Mansi , Mark Riedl

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging area of research in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). XAI can explain how AI obtained a particular solution (e.g., classification or object detection) and can also answer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Prashant Gohel , Priyanka Singh , Manoranjan Mohanty

While the emerging research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) claims to address the lack of explainability in high-performance machine learning models, in practice, XAI targets developers rather than actual end-users.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Lukas-Valentin Herm

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods shed light on the predictions of machine learning algorithms. Several different approaches exist and have already been applied in climate science. However, usually missing ground truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Philine Bommer , Marlene Kretschmer , Anna Hedström , Dilyara Bareeva , Marina M. -C. Höhne

Several social factors impact how people respond to AI explanations used to justify AI decisions affecting them personally. In this position paper, we define a framework called the \textit{layers of explanation} (LEx), a lens through which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Ronal Singh , Upol Ehsan , Marc Cheong , Mark O. Riedl , Tim Miller

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods are portrayed as a remedy for debugging and trusting statistical and deep learning models, as well as interpreting their predictions. However, recent advances in adversarial machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hubert Baniecki , Przemyslaw Biecek