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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is essential for building advanced machine learning-powered applications, especially in critical domains such as medical diagnostics or autonomous driving. Legal, business, and ethical requirements…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Tobias Labarta , Elizaveta Kulicheva , Ronja Froelian , Christian Geißler , Xenia Melman , Julian von Klitzing

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods help to understand the internal mechanism of machine learning models and how they reach a specific decision or made a specific action. The list of informative features is one of the most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ahmed M Salih

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the field of explainable AI (XAI), with a plethora of algorithms proposed in the literature. However, a lack of consensus on how to evaluate XAI hinders the advancement of the field. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Ronny Luss , Finale Doshi-Velez , Amit Dhurandhar

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide insights into the decision-making process of AI models, allowing users to understand their results beyond their decisions. A significant goal of XAI is to improve the performance of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Andrea Apicella , Luca Di Lorenzo , Francesco Isgrò , Andrea Pollastro , Roberto Prevete

Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly shows its potential to outperform predicate logic algorithms and human control alike. In automatically deriving a system model, AI algorithms learn relations in data that are not detectable for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Simon Daniel Duque Anton , Daniel Schneider , Hans Dieter Schotten

Machine learning algorithms are being used in high-stakes decisions, including those in criminal justice, healthcare, credit, and employment. The research community has responded with two largely independent research fields:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

Necessity and sufficiency are the building blocks of all successful explanations. Yet despite their importance, these notions have been conceptually underdeveloped and inconsistently applied in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 David Watson , Limor Gultchin , Ankur Taly , Luciano Floridi

In recent years, Explainable AI (xAI) attracted a lot of attention as various countries turned explanations into a legal right. xAI allows for improving models beyond the accuracy metric by, e.g., debugging the learned pattern and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Mohamed Karim Belaid , Eyke Hüllermeier , Maximilian Rabus , Ralf Krestel

The uses of machine learning (ML) have snowballed in recent years. In many cases, ML models are highly complex, and their operation is beyond the understanding of human decision-makers. Nevertheless, some uses of ML models involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yacine Izza , Xuanxiang Huang , Antonio Morgado , Jordi Planes , Alexey Ignatiev , Joao Marques-Silva

Explanation methods and their evaluation have become a significant issue in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) due to the recent surge of opaque AI models in decision support systems (DSS). Since the most accurate AI models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Helena Löfström , Karl Hammar , Ulf Johansson

Although standard Machine Learning models are optimized for making predictions about observations, more and more they are used for making predictions about the results of actions. An important goal of Explainable Artificial Intelligence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Sander Beckers

In the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved a notable momentum that may deliver the best of expectations over many application sectors across the field. For this to occur, the entire community stands in front of the barrier…

Despite the fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boosted the achievement of remarkable results across numerous data analysis tasks, however, this is typically accompanied by a significant shortcoming in the exhibited transparency and…

Over the last few years there has been rapid research growth into eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and the closely aligned Interpretable Machine Learning (IML). Drivers for this growth include recent legislative changes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Cameron Foale , Charlotte Young , Sunil Aryal , Francisco Cruz

Despite explainable AI (XAI) has recently become a hot topic and several different approaches have been developed, there is still a widespread belief that it lacks a convincing unifying foundation. On the other hand, over the past…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Martina Mattioli , Antonio Emanuele Cinà , Marcello Pelillo

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being applied in almost every field. At the same time, the currently dominant deep learning methods are fundamentally black-box systems that lack explanations for their inferences, significantly limiting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Martina Mattioli , Eike Petersen , Aasa Feragen , Marcello Pelillo , Siavash A. Bigdeli

Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better)…

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the subject, yet XAI still lacks shared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Rizzo , Alberto Veneri , Andrea Albarelli , Claudio Lucchese , Marco Nobile , Cristina Conati

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) seeks to produce explanations for those machine learning methods which are deemed opaque. However, there is considerable disagreement about what this means and how to achieve it. Authors disagree on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Oliver Buchholz