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The advent of large language models (LLMs) in the education sector has provided impetus to automate grading short answer questions. LLMs make evaluating short answers very efficient, thus addressing issues like staff shortage. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Niharika Dadu , Harsh Vardhan Singh , Romi Banerjee

While automated vulnerability detection techniques have made promising progress in detecting security vulnerabilities, their scalability and applicability remain challenging. The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Avishree Khare , Saikat Dutta , Ziyang Li , Alaia Solko-Breslin , Rajeev Alur , Mayur Naik

The AI era has ushered in Large Language Models (LLM) to the technological forefront, which has been much of the talk in 2023, and is likely to remain as such for many years to come. LLMs are the AI models that are the power house behind…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Anjanava Biswas , Wrick Talukdar

While there has been progress towards aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human values and ensuring safe behaviour at inference time, safety guards can easily be removed when fine tuned on unsafe and harmful datasets. While this…

Guardrails have emerged as an alternative to safety alignment for content moderation of large language models (LLMs). Existing model-based guardrails have not been designed for resource-constrained computational portable devices, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hayder Elesedy , Pedro M. Esperança , Silviu Vlad Oprea , Mete Ozay

Large Language Model (LLM) agents increasingly operate across domains such as robotics, virtual assistants, and web automation. However, their stochastic decision-making introduces safety risks that are difficult to anticipate during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Haoyu Wang , Christopher M. Poskitt , Jiali Wei , Jun Sun

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

The discovery of "jailbreaks" to bypass safety filters of Large Language Models (LLMs) and harmful responses have encouraged the community to implement safety measures. One major safety measure is to proactively test the LLMs with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Haibo Jin , Ruoxi Chen , Peiyan Zhang , Andy Zhou , Haohan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed in interactive contexts with direct user engagement, such as chatbots and writing assistants. These deployments are vulnerable to prompt injection and jailbreaking (collectively, prompt hacking), in…

Recent advances in LLMs have enhanced AI capabilities, but also increased the risk posed by malicious requests, highlighting the need for effective LLM safeguards to detect such queries. Existing approaches largely rely on classifier-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhuowei Chen , Bowei Zhang , Nankai Lin , Tian Hou , Lianxi Wang

Safety fine-tuning helps align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences for their safe deployment. To better understand the underlying factors that make models safe via safety fine-tuning, we design a synthetic data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Samyak Jain , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Kemal Oksuz , Tom Joy , Philip H. S. Torr , Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K. Dokania

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Aaron Grattafiori , Abhimanyu Dubey , Abhinav Jauhri , Abhinav Pandey , Abhishek Kadian , Ahmad Al-Dahle , Aiesha Letman , Akhil Mathur , Alan Schelten , Alex Vaughan , Amy Yang , Angela Fan , Anirudh Goyal , Anthony Hartshorn , Aobo Yang , Archi Mitra , Archie Sravankumar , Artem Korenev , Arthur Hinsvark , Arun Rao , Aston Zhang , Aurelien Rodriguez , Austen Gregerson , Ava Spataru , Baptiste Roziere , Bethany Biron , Binh Tang , Bobbie Chern , Charlotte Caucheteux , Chaya Nayak , Chloe Bi , Chris Marra , Chris McConnell , Christian Keller , Christophe Touret , Chunyang Wu , Corinne Wong , Cristian Canton Ferrer , Cyrus Nikolaidis , Damien Allonsius , Daniel Song , Danielle Pintz , Danny Livshits , Danny Wyatt , David Esiobu , Dhruv Choudhary , Dhruv Mahajan , Diego Garcia-Olano , Diego Perino , Dieuwke Hupkes , Egor Lakomkin , Ehab AlBadawy , Elina Lobanova , Emily Dinan , Eric Michael Smith , Filip Radenovic , Francisco Guzmán , Frank Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Gabrielle Lee , Georgia Lewis Anderson , Govind Thattai , Graeme Nail , Gregoire Mialon , Guan Pang , Guillem Cucurell , Hailey Nguyen , Hannah Korevaar , Hu Xu , Hugo Touvron , Iliyan Zarov , Imanol Arrieta Ibarra , Isabel Kloumann , Ishan Misra , Ivan Evtimov , Jack Zhang , Jade Copet , Jaewon Lee , Jan Geffert , Jana Vranes , Jason Park , Jay Mahadeokar , Jeet Shah , Jelmer van der Linde , Jennifer Billock , Jenny Hong , Jenya Lee , Jeremy Fu , Jianfeng Chi , Jianyu Huang , Jiawen Liu , Jie Wang , Jiecao Yu , Joanna Bitton , Joe Spisak , Jongsoo Park , Joseph Rocca , Joshua Johnstun , Joshua Saxe , Junteng Jia , Kalyan Vasuden Alwala , Karthik Prasad , Kartikeya Upasani , Kate Plawiak , Ke Li , Kenneth Heafield , Kevin Stone , Khalid El-Arini , Krithika Iyer , Kshitiz Malik , Kuenley Chiu , Kunal Bhalla , Kushal Lakhotia , Lauren Rantala-Yeary , Laurens van der Maaten , Lawrence Chen , Liang Tan , Liz Jenkins , Louis Martin , Lovish Madaan , Lubo Malo , Lukas Blecher , Lukas Landzaat , Luke de Oliveira , Madeline Muzzi , Mahesh Pasupuleti , Mannat Singh , Manohar Paluri , Marcin Kardas , Maria Tsimpoukelli , Mathew Oldham , Mathieu Rita , Maya Pavlova , Melanie Kambadur , Mike Lewis , Min Si , Mitesh Kumar Singh , Mona Hassan , Naman Goyal , Narjes Torabi , Nikolay Bashlykov , Nikolay Bogoychev , Niladri Chatterji , Ning Zhang , Olivier Duchenne , Onur Çelebi , Patrick Alrassy , Pengchuan Zhang , Pengwei Li , Petar Vasic , Peter Weng , Prajjwal Bhargava , Pratik Dubal , Praveen Krishnan , Punit Singh Koura , Puxin Xu , Qing He , Qingxiao Dong , Ragavan Srinivasan , Raj Ganapathy , Ramon Calderer , Ricardo Silveira Cabral , Robert Stojnic , Roberta Raileanu , Rohan Maheswari , Rohit Girdhar , Rohit Patel , Romain Sauvestre , Ronnie Polidoro , Roshan Sumbaly , Ross Taylor , Ruan Silva , Rui Hou , Rui Wang , Saghar Hosseini , Sahana Chennabasappa , Sanjay Singh , Sean Bell , Seohyun Sonia Kim , Sergey Edunov , Shaoliang Nie , Sharan Narang , Sharath Raparthy , Sheng Shen , Shengye Wan , Shruti Bhosale , Shun Zhang , Simon Vandenhende , Soumya Batra , Spencer Whitman , Sten Sootla , Stephane Collot , Suchin Gururangan , Sydney Borodinsky , Tamar Herman , Tara Fowler , Tarek Sheasha , Thomas Georgiou , Thomas Scialom , Tobias Speckbacher , Todor Mihaylov , Tong Xiao , Ujjwal Karn , Vedanuj Goswami , Vibhor Gupta , Vignesh Ramanathan , Viktor Kerkez , Vincent Gonguet , Virginie Do , Vish Vogeti , Vítor Albiero , Vladan Petrovic , Weiwei Chu , Wenhan Xiong , Wenyin Fu , Whitney Meers , Xavier Martinet , Xiaodong Wang , Xiaofang Wang , Xiaoqing Ellen Tan , Xide Xia , Xinfeng Xie , Xuchao Jia , Xuewei Wang , Yaelle Goldschlag , Yashesh Gaur , Yasmine Babaei , Yi Wen , Yiwen Song , Yuchen Zhang , Yue Li , Yuning Mao , Zacharie Delpierre Coudert , Zheng Yan , Zhengxing Chen , Zoe Papakipos , Aaditya Singh , Aayushi Srivastava , Abha Jain , Adam Kelsey , Adam Shajnfeld , Adithya Gangidi , Adolfo Victoria , Ahuva Goldstand , Ajay Menon , Ajay Sharma , Alex Boesenberg , Alexei Baevski , Allie Feinstein , Amanda Kallet , Amit Sangani , Amos Teo , Anam Yunus , Andrei Lupu , Andres Alvarado , Andrew Caples , Andrew Gu , Andrew Ho , Andrew Poulton , Andrew Ryan , Ankit Ramchandani , Annie Dong , Annie Franco , Anuj Goyal , Aparajita Saraf , Arkabandhu Chowdhury , Ashley Gabriel , Ashwin Bharambe , Assaf Eisenman , Azadeh Yazdan , Beau James , Ben Maurer , Benjamin Leonhardi , Bernie Huang , Beth Loyd , Beto De Paola , Bhargavi Paranjape , Bing Liu , Bo Wu , Boyu Ni , Braden Hancock , Bram Wasti , Brandon Spence , Brani Stojkovic , Brian Gamido , Britt Montalvo , Carl Parker , Carly Burton , Catalina Mejia , Ce Liu , Changhan Wang , Changkyu Kim , Chao Zhou , Chester Hu , Ching-Hsiang Chu , Chris Cai , Chris Tindal , Christoph Feichtenhofer , Cynthia Gao , Damon Civin , Dana Beaty , Daniel Kreymer , Daniel Li , David Adkins , David Xu , Davide Testuggine , Delia David , Devi Parikh , Diana Liskovich , Didem Foss , Dingkang Wang , Duc Le , Dustin Holland , Edward Dowling , Eissa Jamil , Elaine Montgomery , Eleonora Presani , Emily Hahn , Emily Wood , Eric-Tuan Le , Erik Brinkman , Esteban Arcaute , Evan Dunbar , Evan Smothers , Fei Sun , Felix Kreuk , Feng Tian , Filippos Kokkinos , Firat Ozgenel , Francesco Caggioni , Frank Kanayet , Frank Seide , Gabriela Medina Florez , Gabriella Schwarz , Gada Badeer , Georgia Swee , Gil Halpern , Grant Herman , Grigory Sizov , Guangyi , Zhang , Guna Lakshminarayanan , Hakan Inan , Hamid Shojanazeri , Han Zou , Hannah Wang , Hanwen Zha , Haroun Habeeb , Harrison Rudolph , Helen Suk , Henry Aspegren , Hunter Goldman , Hongyuan Zhan , Ibrahim Damlaj , Igor Molybog , Igor Tufanov , Ilias Leontiadis , Irina-Elena Veliche , Itai Gat , Jake Weissman , James Geboski , James Kohli , Janice Lam , Japhet Asher , Jean-Baptiste Gaya , Jeff Marcus , Jeff Tang , Jennifer Chan , Jenny Zhen , Jeremy Reizenstein , Jeremy Teboul , Jessica Zhong , Jian Jin , Jingyi Yang , Joe Cummings , Jon Carvill , Jon Shepard , Jonathan McPhie , Jonathan Torres , Josh Ginsburg , Junjie Wang , Kai Wu , Kam Hou U , Karan Saxena , Kartikay Khandelwal , Katayoun Zand , Kathy Matosich , Kaushik Veeraraghavan , Kelly Michelena , Keqian Li , Kiran Jagadeesh , Kun Huang , Kunal Chawla , Kyle Huang , Lailin Chen , Lakshya Garg , Lavender A , Leandro Silva , Lee Bell , Lei Zhang , Liangpeng Guo , Licheng Yu , Liron Moshkovich , Luca Wehrstedt , Madian Khabsa , Manav Avalani , Manish Bhatt , Martynas Mankus , Matan Hasson , Matthew Lennie , Matthias Reso , Maxim Groshev , Maxim Naumov , Maya Lathi , Meghan Keneally , Miao Liu , Michael L. Seltzer , Michal Valko , Michelle Restrepo , Mihir Patel , Mik Vyatskov , Mikayel Samvelyan , Mike Clark , Mike Macey , Mike Wang , Miquel Jubert Hermoso , Mo Metanat , Mohammad Rastegari , Munish Bansal , Nandhini Santhanam , Natascha Parks , Natasha White , Navyata Bawa , Nayan Singhal , Nick Egebo , Nicolas Usunier , Nikhil Mehta , Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev , Ning Dong , Norman Cheng , Oleg Chernoguz , Olivia Hart , Omkar Salpekar , Ozlem Kalinli , Parkin Kent , Parth Parekh , Paul Saab , Pavan Balaji , Pedro Rittner , Philip Bontrager , Pierre Roux , Piotr Dollar , Polina Zvyagina , Prashant Ratanchandani , Pritish Yuvraj , Qian Liang , Rachad Alao , Rachel Rodriguez , Rafi Ayub , Raghotham Murthy , Raghu Nayani , Rahul Mitra , Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy , Raymond Li , Rebekkah Hogan , Robin Battey , Rocky Wang , Russ Howes , Ruty Rinott , Sachin Mehta , Sachin Siby , Sai Jayesh Bondu , Samyak Datta , Sara Chugh , Sara Hunt , Sargun Dhillon , Sasha Sidorov , Satadru Pan , Saurabh Mahajan , Saurabh Verma , Seiji Yamamoto , Sharadh Ramaswamy , Shaun Lindsay , Shaun Lindsay , Sheng Feng , Shenghao Lin , Shengxin Cindy Zha , Shishir Patil , Shiva Shankar , Shuqiang Zhang , Shuqiang Zhang , Sinong Wang , Sneha Agarwal , Soji Sajuyigbe , Soumith Chintala , Stephanie Max , Stephen Chen , Steve Kehoe , Steve Satterfield , Sudarshan Govindaprasad , Sumit Gupta , Summer Deng , Sungmin Cho , Sunny Virk , Suraj Subramanian , Sy Choudhury , Sydney Goldman , Tal Remez , Tamar Glaser , Tamara Best , Thilo Koehler , Thomas Robinson , Tianhe Li , Tianjun Zhang , Tim Matthews , Timothy Chou , Tzook Shaked , Varun Vontimitta , Victoria Ajayi , Victoria Montanez , Vijai Mohan , Vinay Satish Kumar , Vishal Mangla , Vlad Ionescu , Vlad Poenaru , Vlad Tiberiu Mihailescu , Vladimir Ivanov , Wei Li , Wenchen Wang , Wenwen Jiang , Wes Bouaziz , Will Constable , Xiaocheng Tang , Xiaojian Wu , Xiaolan Wang , Xilun Wu , Xinbo Gao , Yaniv Kleinman , Yanjun Chen , Ye Hu , Ye Jia , Ye Qi , Yenda Li , Yilin Zhang , Ying Zhang , Yossi Adi , Youngjin Nam , Yu , Wang , Yu Zhao , Yuchen Hao , Yundi Qian , Yunlu Li , Yuzi He , Zach Rait , Zachary DeVito , Zef Rosnbrick , Zhaoduo Wen , Zhenyu Yang , Zhiwei Zhao , Zhiyu Ma

The systems and software powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Modal LLMs (MLLMs) have played a critical role in numerous scenarios. However, current LLM systems are vulnerable to prompt-based attacks, with jailbreaking attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xiaoyu Zhang , Cen Zhang , Tianlin Li , Yihao Huang , Xiaojun Jia , Ming Hu , Jie Zhang , Yang Liu , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Large language models have gained widespread prominence, yet their vulnerability to prompt injection and other adversarial attacks remains a critical concern. This paper argues for a security-by-design AI paradigm that proactively mitigates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Dalal Alharthi , Ivan Roberto Kawaminami Garcia

Jailbreaking large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a critical security challenge with the widespread deployment of conversational AI systems. Adversarial users exploit these models through carefully crafted prompts to elicit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Sri Durga Sai Sowmya Kadali , Evangelos E. Papalexakis

The emergence of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) introduces a new paradigm of explicit reasoning, enabling remarkable advances yet posing unique risks such as reasoning manipulation and information leakage. To mitigate these risks, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jingnan Zheng , Jingjun Xu , Yanzhen Luo , Chenhang Cui , Gelei Deng , Zhenkai Liang , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Current vision large language models (VLLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities yet are prone to generate harmful content and are vulnerable to even the simplest jailbreaking attacks. Our initial analysis finds that this is due to the presence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yongshuo Zong , Ondrej Bohdal , Tingyang Yu , Yongxin Yang , Timothy Hospedales

As Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI become increasingly widespread, concerns about content safety have grown in parallel. Currently, there is a clear lack of high-quality, human-annotated datasets that address the full…

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world applications, scalable and rigorous safety evaluation is essential. This paper introduces Aymara AI, a programmatic platform for generating and administering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Juan Manuel Contreras

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to attacks like prompt injection, backdoor attacks, and adversarial attacks, which manipulate prompts or models to generate harmful outputs. In this paper, departing from traditional deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Huawei Lin , Yingjie Lao , Tong Geng , Tan Yu , Weijie Zhao