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Traditionally, reinforcement learning (RL) agents learn to solve new tasks by updating their neural network parameters through interactions with the task environment. However, recent works demonstrate that some RL agents, after certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jiuqi Wang , Ethan Blaser , Hadi Daneshmand , Shangtong Zhang

In-context learning enables transformer models to generalize to new tasks based solely on input prompts, without any need for weight updates. However, existing training paradigms typically rely on large, unstructured datasets that are…

While conventional Transformers generally operate on sequence data, they can be used in conjunction with structure models, typically SE(3)-invariant or equivariant graph neural networks (GNNs), for 3D applications such as protein structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Isaac Ellmen , Constantin Schneider , Matthew I. J. Raybould , Charlotte M. Deane

Deep neural networks have achieved impressive supervised classification performance in many tasks including image recognition, speech recognition, and sequence to sequence learning. However, this success has not been translated to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-05 Arvind Neelakantan , Quoc V. Le , Ilya Sutskever

In this contribution, we demonstrate that Graph Neural Networks and Transformers can learn to reason about geometric constraints. We train them to predict spatial position of points in a discrete 2D grid from a set of constraints that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jan Hůla , David Mojžíšek , Jiří Janeček , David Herel , Mikoláš Janota

Trainable layers such as convolutional building blocks are the standard network design choices by learning parameters to capture the global context through successive spatial operations. When designing an efficient network, trainable layers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Dongyoon Han , YoungJoon Yoo , Beomyoung Kim , Byeongho Heo

Transformers excel at discovering patterns in sequential data, yet their fundamental limitations and learning mechanisms remain crucial topics of investigation. In this paper, we study the ability of Transformers to learn pseudo-random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tao Tao , Darshil Doshi , Dayal Singh Kalra , Tianyu He , Maissam Barkeshli

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, adapting to new tasks by simply conditioning on demonstrations without parameter updates. Compelling empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that ICL, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taejong Joo , Diego Klabjan

The synthesis of string transformation programs from input-output examples utilizes various techniques, all based on an inductive bias that comprises a restricted set of basic operators to be combined. A new algorithm, Transduce, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Francis Frydman , Philippe Mangion

While deep learning has revolutionized research and applications in NLP and computer vision, this has not yet been the case for behavioral modeling and behavioral health applications. This is because the domain's datasets are smaller, have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Mike A. Merrill , Tim Althoff

The integration of contextual embeddings into the optimization processes of large language models is an advancement in natural language processing. The Context-Aware Neural Gradient Mapping framework introduces a dynamic gradient adjustment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 David Boldo , Lily Pemberton , Gabriel Thistledown , Jacob Fairchild , Felix Kowalski

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for large language and video generation models, such as GPT, BERT, SORA and their successors. Empirical studies have demonstrated that real-world data and learning tasks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhaiming Shen , Alex Havrilla , Rongjie Lai , Alexander Cloninger , Wenjing Liao

Trained transformer models have been found to implement interpretable procedures for tasks like arithmetic and associative recall, but little is understood about how the circuits that implement these procedures originate during training. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ziqian Zhong , Jacob Andreas

We investigate the transformer's capability to simulate the training process of deep models via in-context learning (ICL), i.e., in-context deep learning. Our key contribution is providing a positive example of using a transformer to train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Weimin Wu , Maojiang Su , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Zhao Song , Han Liu

Large language models exhibit a remarkable capacity for in-context learning, where they learn to solve tasks given a few examples. Recent work has shown that transformers can be trained to perform simple regression tasks in-context. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Hrayr Harutyunyan , Rafayel Darbinyan , Samvel Karapetyan , Hrant Khachatrian

It has been observed that design choices of neural networks are often crucial for their successful optimization. In this article, we therefore discuss the question if it is always possible to redesign a neural network so that it trains well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 G. Welper

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are the dominant architecture for molecular machine learning, particularly for molecular property prediction and machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). GNNs perform message passing on predefined graphs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Tobias Kreiman , Yutong Bai , Fadi Atieh , Elizabeth Weaver , Eric Qu , Aditi S. Krishnapriyan

Some Transformer-based models can perform cross-lingual transfer learning: those models can be trained on a specific task in one language and give relatively good results on the same task in another language, despite having been pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Félix Gaschi , François Plesse , Parisa Rastin , Yannick Toussaint

Unsupervised meta-learning aims to learn feature representations from unsupervised datasets that can transfer to downstream tasks with limited labeled data. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to unsupervised meta-learning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Anna Vettoruzzo , Lorenzo Braccaioli , Joaquin Vanschoren , Marlena Nowaczyk

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved remarkable performance in various fields, particularly in the domain of computer vision. However, why this architecture works well remains to be a mystery. In this work we move a small step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Bing Yu , Junzhao Zhang , Zhanxing Zhu