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In an Industrial Control System (ICS), its complex network of sensors, actuators and controllers have raised security concerns for critical infrastructures and industrial production units. This opinion paper strives to initiate discussion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed , Jay Prakash , Jianying Zhou

This paper analyzes the reported threats to Industrial Control Systems (ICS)/Operational Technology (OT) and identifies common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by threat actors. The paper then uses the MITRE ATT&CK framework…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Haritha Srinivasan , Maryam Karimi

Increasingly Industrial Control Systems (ICS) systems are being connected to the Internet to minimise the operational costs and provide additional flexibility. These control systems such as the ones used in power grids, manufacturing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Uday Tupakula , Vijay Varadharajan , Kallol Krishna Karmakar

The increasing interaction of industrial control systems (ICSs) with public networks and digital devices introduces new cyber threats to power systems and other critical infrastructure. Recent cyber-physical attacks such as Stuxnet and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Nils Müller , Charalampos Ziras , Kai Heussen

In critical infrastructures, communication networks are used to exchange vital data among elements of Industrial Control Systems (ICSes). Due to the criticality of such systems and the increase of the cybersecurity risks in these contexts,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Roberto di Lallo , Federico Griscioli , Gabriele Lospoto , Habib Mostafaei , Maurizio Pizzonia , Massimo Rimondini

Industrial control systems (ICS) of critical infrastructure are increasingly connected to the Internet for remote site management at scale. However, cyber attacks against ICS - especially at the communication channels between humanmachine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Taejun Choi , Guangdong Bai , Ryan K L Ko , Naipeng Dong , Wenlu Zhang , Shunyao Wang

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) encompassing resources for process automation are subjected to a wide variety of security threats. The threat landscape is arising due to increased adoption of Commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) products as well…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-10-08 Abhinav Biswas , Sukanya Karunakaran

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) underpin the United States' critical infrastructure, managing essential services such as power, water, and transportation that are vital to national security and public safety. However, increasing digital…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jack Vanlyssel

The advantages of using communication networks to interconnect controllers and physical plants motivate the increasing number of Networked Control Systems, in industrial and critical infrastructure facilities. However, this integration also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-05 A. O. Sa , L. F. R. C. Carmo , R. C. S. Machado

Over the past few decades, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) have been targeted by cyberattacks and are becoming increasingly vulnerable as more ICSs are connected to the internet. Using Machine Learning (ML) for Intrusion Detection Systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Alireza Dehlaghi-Ghadim , Mahshid Helali Moghadam , Ali Balador , Hans Hansson

Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) are widely used in critical infrastructures that face various cyberattacks causing physical damage. With the increasing integration of the ICSs and information technology (IT), ensuring the security of ICSs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-17 Navid Aftabi , Dan Li , Ph. D. , Thomas Sharkey , Ph. D

Assessing the security posture of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) is critical for protecting essential infrastructure. However, the complexity and scale of these environments make it challenging to identify and prioritize potential attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Lucas Miranda , Carlos Banjar , Daniel Menasche , Anton Kocheturov , Gaurav Srivastava , Tobias Limmer

The increasing cyber threats to critical infrastructure highlight the importance of private companies and government agencies in detecting and sharing information about threat activities. Although the need for improved threat information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Adam Hahn , Rubin Krief , Daniel Rebori-Carretero , Rami Puzis , Aviad Elyashar , Nik Urlaub

Maintenance staff of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) is generally not aware about information technologies, and even less about cyber security problems. The scary impact of cyber attacks in the industrial world calls for tools to train…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Vincenzo Giuliano , Valerio Formicola

Cyber-physical control systems, such as industrial control systems (ICS), are increasingly targeted by cyberattacks. Such attacks can potentially cause tremendous damage, affect critical infrastructure or even jeopardize human life when the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Sridhar Adepu , Ferdinand Brasser , Luis Garcia , Michael Rodler , Lucas Davi , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi , Saman Zonouz

On a regular basis, we read in the news about cyber-attacks on critical infrastructures, such as power plants. Such infrastructures rely on the so-called Industrial Control Systems (ICS) / Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Joao M. Ceron , Justyna J. Chromik , Jair Santanna , Aiko Pras

For the last several years, the embedding of hidden information by steganographic techniques in network communications is increasingly used by attackers in order to obscure data infiltration, exfiltration or command and control in IT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Tom Neubert , Bjarne Peuker , Laura Buxhoidt , Eric Schueler , Claus Vielhauer

Industrial production plants traditionally include sensors for monitoring or documenting processes, and actuators for enabling corrective actions in cases of misconfigurations, failures, or dangerous events. With the advent of the IoT,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Michael Frey , Cenk Gündoğan , Peter Kietzmann , Martine Lenders , Hauke Petersen , Thomas C. Schmidt , Felix Shzu-Juraschek , Matthias Wählisch

Cybersecurity of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) is drawing significant concerns as data communication increasingly leverages wireless networks. A lot of data-driven methods were developed for detecting cyberattacks, but few are focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Dan Li , Paritosh Ramanan , Nagi Gebraeel , Kamran Paynabar

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) constitute the backbone of contemporary industrial operations, ranging from modest heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems to expansive national power grids. Given their pivotal role in critical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Luís Sousa , José Cecílio , Pedro Ferreira , Alan Oliveira