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Homomorphic Encryption (HE) prevails in securing Federated Learning (FL), but suffers from high overhead and adaptation cost. Selective HE methods, which partially encrypt model parameters by a global mask, are expected to protect privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Borui Li , Li Yan , Junhao Han , Jianmin Liu , Lei Yu

Typical machine learning approaches require centralized data for model training, which may not be possible where restrictions on data sharing are in place due to, for instance, privacy and gradient protection. The recently proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Hanchi Ren , Jingjing Deng , Xianghua Xie , Xiaoke Ma , Yichuan Wang

Hierarchical federated learning (HFL) has emerged as a key architecture for large-scale wireless and Internet of Things systems, where devices communicate with nearby edge servers before reaching the cloud. In these environments, uplink…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Amirreza Kazemi , Seyed Mohammad Azimi-Abarghouyi , Gabor Fodor , Carlo Fischione

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm enabling collaborative model training while preserving data privacy. In today's landscape, where most data is proprietary, confidential, and distributed, FL has become a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Zilinghan Li , Shilan He , Ze Yang , Minseok Ryu , Kibaek Kim , Ravi Madduri

Federated Learning (FL) enables large-scale distributed training of machine learning models, while still allowing individual nodes to maintain data locally. However, executing FL at scale comes with inherent practical challenges: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hossein Zakerinia , Shayan Talaei , Giorgi Nadiradze , Dan Alistarh

Federated learning (FL) can achieve privacy-safe and reliable collaborative training without collecting users' private data. Its excellent privacy security potential promotes a wide range of FL applications in Internet-of-Things (IoT),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Xiaofeng Liu , Qing Wang , Yunfeng Shao , Yinchuan Li

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach that safeguards privacy by creating an impartial global model while respecting the privacy of individual client data. However, the conventional FL method can introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Muhammad Irfan Khan , Esa Alhoniemi , Elina Kontio , Suleiman A. Khan , Mojtaba Jafaritadi

Federated Self-Supervised Learning (FSSL) integrates the privacy advantages of distributed training with the capability of self-supervised learning to leverage unlabeled data, showing strong potential across applications. However, recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jiayao Wang , Yiping Zhang , Jiale Zhang , Wenliang Yuan , Qilin Wu , Junwu Zhu , Dongfang Zhao

Although homomorphic encryption can be incorporated into neural network layers for securing machine learning tasks, such as confidential inference over encrypted data samples and encrypted local models in federated learning, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Dongfang Zhao

Recent attacks have shown that user data can be recovered from FedSGD updates, thus breaking privacy. However, these attacks are of limited practical relevance as federated learning typically uses the FedAvg algorithm. Compared to FedSGD,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Dimitar I. Dimitrov , Mislav Balunović , Nikola Konstantinov , Martin Vechev

Federated learning algorithms are developed both for efficiency reasons and to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of personal and business data, respectively. Despite no data being shared explicitly, recent studies showed that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Balázs Pejó , Gergely Biczók

Federated Learning (FL) is a Machine Learning (ML) technique that aims to reduce the threats to user data privacy. Training is done using the raw data on the users' device, called clients, and only the training results, called gradients,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Sneha Kanchan , Jae Won Jang , Jun Yong Yoon , Bong Jun Choi

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients without sharing raw data, making it a promising approach for privacy-preserving machine learning in domains like Connected and Autonomous Vehicles…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Muhammad Ali Najjar , Ren-Yi Huang , Dumindu Samaraweera , Prashant Shekhar

Secure model aggregation across many users is a key component of federated learning systems. The state-of-the-art protocols for secure model aggregation, which are based on additive masking, require all users to quantize their model updates…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Ahmed Roushdy Elkordy , A. Salman Avestimehr

The rise of heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) devices has raised security concerns due to their vulnerability to cyberattacks. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are crucial in addressing these threats. Federated Learning (FL) offers a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Saadat Izadi , Mahmood Ahmadi

Federated Learning(FL), in theory, preserves privacy of individual clients' data while producing quality machine learning models. However, attacks such as Deep Leakage from Gradients(DLG) severely question the practicality of FL. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Joon Kim , Sejin Park

Federated learning based on homomorphic encryption has received widespread attention due to its high security and enhanced protection of user data privacy. However, the characteristics of encrypted computation lead to three challenging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yang Li , Chunhe Xia , Chang Li , Xiaojian Li , Tianbo Wang

In many distributed learning setups such as federated learning (FL), client nodes at the edge use individually collected data to compute local gradients and send them to a central master server. The master server then aggregates the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Kai Liang , Songze Li , Ming Ding , Youlong Wu

Federated learning (FL) is a kind of distributed machine learning framework, where the global model is generated on the centralized aggregation server based on the parameters of local models, addressing concerns about privacy leakage caused…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Chenhao Xu , Youyang Qu , Yong Xiang , Longxiang Gao

Federated Learning (FL) allows training machine learning models in privacy-constrained scenarios by enabling the cooperation of edge devices without requiring local data sharing. This approach raises several challenges due to the different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Riccardo Zaccone , Andrea Rizzardi , Debora Caldarola , Marco Ciccone , Barbara Caputo