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Can language models (LMs) learn to faithfully describe their internal computations? Are they better able to describe themselves than other models? We study the extent to which LMs' privileged access to their own internals can be leveraged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Belinda Z. Li , Zifan Carl Guo , Vincent Huang , Jacob Steinhardt , Jacob Andreas

Faithful evaluation of language model capabilities is crucial for deriving actionable insights that can inform model development. However, rigorous causal evaluations in this domain face significant methodological challenges, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Sham Kakade , Hanlin Zhang

Estimating individualized treatment effects from observational data presents a persistent challenge due to unmeasured confounding and structural bias. Causal Machine Learning (causal ML) methods, such as causal trees and doubly robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Po-Han Lee , Yu-Cheng Lin , Chan-Tung Ku , Chan Hsu , Pei-Cing Huang , Ping-Hsun Wu , Yihuang Kang

In knowledge-intensive tasks, especially in high-stakes domains like medicine and law, it is critical not only to retrieve relevant information but also to provide causal reasoning and explainability. Large language models (LLMs) have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Hang Luo , Jian Zhang , Chujun Li

Causal inference is at the heart of empirical research in natural and social sciences and is critical for scientific discovery and informed decision making. The gold standard in causal inference is performing randomized controlled trials;…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Babak Salimi , Harsh Parikh , Moe Kayali , Sudeepa Roy , Lise Getoor , Dan Suciu

The emergent few-shot reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have excited the natural language and machine learning community over recent years. Despite of numerous successful applications, the underlying mechanism of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Xiaojuan Tang , Zilong Zheng , Jiaqi Li , Fanxu Meng , Song-Chun Zhu , Yitao Liang , Muhan Zhang

Do large language models (LLMs) display rational reasoning? LLMs have been shown to contain human biases due to the data they have been trained on; whether this is reflected in rational reasoning remains less clear. In this paper, we answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Mirco Musolesi

Despite widespread success in language understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) exhibit unclear and often inconsistent behavior when faced with tasks that require probabilistic reasoning. In this work, we present the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mobina Pournemat , Keivan Rezaei , Gaurang Sriramanan , Arman Zarei , Jiaxiang Fu , Yang Wang , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Soheil Feizi

Although Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has achieved remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), the mechanism of CoT remains a ``black box''. Even if the correct answers can frequently be obtained,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jiarun Fu , Lizhong Ding , Hao Li , Pengqi Li , Qiuning Wei , Xu Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. While LLMs exhibit impressive fluency and factual recall, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Avinash Patil , Aryan Jadon

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) achieve strong performance on visual question answering benchmarks, yet often rely on spurious correlations rather than genuine causal reasoning. Existing evaluations primarily assess the correctness of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Dhita Putri Pratama , Soyeon Caren Han , Yihao Ding

As an essential component of human cognition, cause-effect relations appear frequently in text, and curating cause-effect relations from text helps in building causal networks for predictive tasks. Existing causality extraction techniques…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Jie Yang , Soyeon Caren Han , Josiah Poon

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit logically inconsistent hallucinations that appear coherent yet violate reasoning principles, with recent research suggesting an inverse relationship between causal reasoning capabilities and such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuangang Li , Yiqing Shen , Yi Nian , Jiechao Gao , Ziyi Wang , Chenxiao Yu , Shawn Li , Jie Wang , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized many areas (e.g. natural language processing, software engineering, etc.) by achieving state-of-the-art performance on extensive downstream tasks. Aiming to achieve robust and general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Zhiming Li , Yushi Cao , Xiufeng Xu , Junzhe Jiang , Xu Liu , Yon Shin Teo , Shang-wei Lin , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in natural language tasks, yet understanding their reasoning processes remains a significant challenge. We address this by introducing XplainLLM, a dataset accompanying an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zichen Chen , Jianda Chen , Ambuj Singh , Misha Sra

True intelligence hinges on the ability to uncover and leverage hidden causal relations. Despite significant progress in AI and computer vision (CV), there remains a lack of benchmarks for assessing models' abilities to infer latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Disheng Liu , Yiran Qiao , Wuche Liu , Yiren Lu , Yunlai Zhou , Tuo Liang , Yu Yin , Jing Ma

In practical statistical causal discovery (SCD), embedding domain expert knowledge as constraints into the algorithm is important for reasonable causal models reflecting the broad knowledge of domain experts, despite the challenges in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Masayuki Takayama , Tadahisa Okuda , Thong Pham , Tatsuyoshi Ikenoue , Shingo Fukuma , Shohei Shimizu , Akiyoshi Sannai

Mathematical reasoning in large language models (LMs) has garnered significant attention in recent work, but there is a limited understanding of how these models process and store information related to arithmetic tasks within their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Alessandro Stolfo , Yonatan Belinkov , Mrinmaya Sachan

Causality is vital for understanding true cause-and-effect relationships between variables within predictive models, rather than relying on mere correlations, making it highly relevant in the field of Explainable AI. In an automated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Arturo Fredes , Jordi Vitria

In causal inference, generalization capability refers to the ability to conduct causal inference methods on new data to estimate the causal-effect between unknown phenomenon, which is crucial for expanding the boundaries of knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Chen Wang , Dongming Zhao , Bo Wang , Ruifang He , Yuexian Hou