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Bipartite graphs are commonly used to model relationships between two distinct entities in real-world applications, such as user-product interactions, user-movie ratings and collaborations between authors and publications. A butterfly (a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Lingkai Meng , Long Yuan , Xuemin Lin , Chengjie Li , Kai Wang , Wenjie Zhang

We study the fundamental problem of butterfly (i.e. (2,2)-bicliques) counting in bipartite streaming graphs. Similar to triangles in unipartite graphs, enumerating butterflies is crucial in understanding the structure of bipartite graphs.…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Aida Sheshbolouki , M. Tamer Özsu

Butterflies are the smallest non-trivial subgraph in bipartite graphs, and therefore having efficient computations for analyzing them is crucial to improving the quality of certain applications on bipartite graphs. In this paper, we design…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Jessica Shi , Julian Shun

Bipartite graphs are ubiquitous in many domains, e.g., e-commerce platforms, social networks, and academia, by modeling interactions between distinct entity sets. Within these graphs, the butterfly motif, a complete 2*2 biclique, represents…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Qiuyang Mang , Jingbang Chen , Hangrui Zhou , Yu Gao , Yingli Zhou , Qingyu Shi , Richard Peng , Yixiang Fang , Chenhao Ma

Bipartite graphs characterize relationships between two different sets of entities, like actor-movie, user-item, and author-paper. The butterfly, a 4-vertices 4-edges (2,2)-biclique, is the simplest cohesive motif in a bipartite graph and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinwei Cai , Xiangyu Ke , Kai Wang , Lu Chen , Tianming Zhang , Qing Liu , Yunjun Gao

We consider space-efficient single-pass estimation of the number of butterflies, a fundamental bipartite graph motif, from a massive bipartite graph stream where each edge represents a connection between entities in two different…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Seyed-Vahid Sanei-Mehri , Yu Zhang , Ahmet Erdem Sariyuce , Srikanta Tirthapura

Bipartite graphs offer a powerful framework for modeling complex relationships between two distinct types of vertices, incorporating probabilistic, temporal, and rating-based information. While the research community has extensively…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Apurba Das , Aman Abidi , Ajinkya Shingane , Mekala Kiran

Temporal bipartite graphs are widely used to denote time-evolving relationships between two disjoint sets of nodes, such as customer-product interactions in E-commerce and user-group memberships in social networks. Temporal butterflies,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Jiaxi Pu , Yanhao Wang , Yuchen Li , Xuan Zhou

Bipartite graphs serve as a natural model for representing relationships between two different types of entities. When analyzing bipartite graphs, butterfly counting is a fundamental research problem that aims to count the number of…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chi Luo , Jiaxin Song , Yuhao Zhang , Kai Wang , Zhixing He , Kuan Yang

We consider the problem of counting motifs in bipartite affiliation networks, such as author-paper, user-product, and actor-movie relations. We focus on counting the number of occurrences of a "butterfly", a complete $2 \times 2$ biclique,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-03-19 Seyed-Vahid Sanei-Mehri , Ahmet Erdem Sariyuce , Srikanta Tirthapura

Bipartite networks are of great importance in many real-world applications. In bipartite networks, butterfly (i.e., a complete 2 x 2 biclique) is the smallest non-trivial cohesive structure and plays a key role. In this paper, we study the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Kai Wang , Xuemin Lin , Lu Qin , Wenjie Zhang , Ying Zhang

Butterflies, or 4-cycles in bipartite graphs, are crucial for identifying cohesive structures and dense subgraphs. While agent-based data mining is gaining prominence, its application to bipartite networks remains relatively unexplored. We…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Prabhat Kumar Chand , Apurba Das , Anisur Rahaman Molla

Balanced butterfly counting, corresponding to counting balanced (2, 2)-bicliques, is a fundamental primitive in the analysis of signed bipartite graphs and provides a basis for studying higher-order structural properties such as clustering…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mekala Kiran , Apurba Das , Suman Banerjee , Tathagata Ray

Cohesive subgraph mining in bipartite graphs becomes a popular research topic recently. An important structure k-bitruss is the maximal cohesive subgraph where each edge is contained in at least k butterflies (i.e., (2, 2)-bicliques). In…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Kai Wang , Xuemin Lin , Lu Qin , Wenjie Zhang , Ying Zhang

Bipartite graphs are a prevalent modeling tool for real-world networks, capturing interactions between vertices of two different types. Within this framework, bicliques emerge as crucial structures when studying dense subgraphs: they are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Alexis Baudin , Clémence Magnien , Lionel Tabourier

Real-world graphs often manifest as a massive temporal stream of edges. The need for real-time analysis of such large graph streams has led to progress on low memory, one-pass streaming graph algorithms. These algorithms were designed for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-10-16 Madhav Jha , C. Seshadhri , Ali Pinar

Given a graph stream, how can we estimate the number of triangles in it using multiple machines with limited storage? Specifically, how should edges be processed and sampled across the machines for rapid and accurate estimation? The count…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Kijung Shin , Euiwoong Lee , Jinoh Oh , Mohammad Hammoud , Christos Faloutsos

Wing and Tip decomposition construct a hierarchy of butterfly-dense edge and vertex induced bipartite subgraphs, respectively. They have applications in several domains including e-commerce, recommendation systems and document analysis.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Kartik Lakhotia , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Community search aims at finding densely connected subgraphs for query vertices in a graph. While this task has been studied widely in the literature, most of the existing works only focus on finding homogeneous communities rather than…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Zheng Dong , Xin Huang , Guorui Yuan , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

The streaming bipartite graph is widely used to model the dynamic relationship between two types of entities in various real-world applications, including movie recommendations, location-based services, and online shopping. Since it…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nan Zhang , Yutong Ye , Xiang Lian , Qi Wen , Mingsong Chen
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