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Federated learning based on homomorphic encryption has received widespread attention due to its high security and enhanced protection of user data privacy. However, the characteristics of encrypted computation lead to three challenging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yang Li , Chunhe Xia , Chang Li , Xiaojian Li , Tianbo Wang

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative learning without directly sharing individual's raw data. FL can be implemented in either a centralized (server-based) or decentralized (peer-to-peer) manner. In this survey, we present a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Qiongxiu Li , Wenrui Yu , Yufei Xia , Jun Pang

With an increasing number of smart devices like internet of things (IoT) devices deployed in the field, offloadingtraining of neural networks (NNs) to a central server becomes more and more infeasible. Recent efforts toimprove users'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Kilian Pfeiffer , Martin Rapp , Ramin Khalili , Jörg Henkel

Federated learning (FL) faces a critical dilemma: existing protection mechanisms like differential privacy (DP) and homomorphic encryption (HE) enforce a rigid trade-off, forcing a choice between model utility and computational efficiency.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zihou Wu , Yuecheng Li , Tianchi Liao , Jian Lou , Chuan Chen

In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yao Chen , Yijie Gui , Hong Lin , Wensheng Gan , Yongdong Wu

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm in which distributed local nodes collaboratively train a central model without sharing individually held private data. Existing FL methods either iteratively share local model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Xuan Gong , Shanglin Li , Yuxiang Bao , Barry Yao , Yawen Huang , Ziyan Wu , Baochang Zhang , Yefeng Zheng , David Doermann

Federated learning (FL) addresses data privacy concerns by enabling collaborative training of AI models across distributed data owners. Wide adoption of FL faces the fundamental challenges of data heterogeneity and the large scale of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Yulan Gao , Zhaoxiang Hou , Chengyi Yang , Zengxiang Li , Han Yu

As privacy concerns continue to grow, federated learning (FL) has gained significant attention as a promising privacy-preserving technology, leading to considerable advancements in recent years. Unlike traditional machine learning, which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Boyu Fan , Siyang Jiang , Xiang Su , Sasu Tarkoma , Pan Hui

Nowadays, Deep Neural Networks are widely applied to various domains. However, massive data collection required for deep neural network reveals the potential privacy issues and also consumes large mounts of communication bandwidth. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Sheng Lin , Chenghong Wang , Hongjia Li , Jieren Deng , Yanzhi Wang , Caiwen Ding

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative training without pooling raw data, but standard FL relies on a central coordinator, which introduces a single point of failure and concentrates trust in the orchestration infrastructure.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Edoardo Gabrielli , Anthony Di Pietro , Dario Fenoglio , Giovanni Pica , Gabriele Tolomei

Cross-silo federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing training data, but privacy in FL remains a major challenge. Techniques using homomorphic encryption (HE) have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jiahui Wu , Weizhe Zhang , Fucai Luo

Motivated by the explosive computing capabilities at end user equipments, as well as the growing privacy concerns over sharing sensitive raw data, a new machine learning paradigm, named federated learning (FL) has emerged. By training…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Chuan Ma , Jun Li , Ming Ding , Long Shi , Taotao Wang , Zhu Han , H. Vincent Poor

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for training models on decentralized data while safeguarding data privacy. Most existing FL systems, however, assume that all machine learning models are of the same type, although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Yingchao Yu , Yuping Yan , Jisong Cai , Yaochu Jin

Federated learning enables collaborative model training across distributed institutions without centralizing sensitive data; however, ensuring algorithmic fairness across heterogeneous data distributions while preserving privacy remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Mohammed Himayath Ali , Mohammed Aqib Abdullah , Syed Muneer Hussain , Mohammed Mudassir Uddin , Shahnawaz Alam

Homomorphic encryption (HE) has found extensive utilization in federated learning (FL) systems, capitalizing on its dual advantages: (i) ensuring the confidentiality of shared models contributed by participating entities, and (ii) enabling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Dongfang Zhao

With the increasing awareness of privacy protection and data fragmentation problem, federated learning has been emerging as a new paradigm of machine learning. Federated learning tends to utilize various privacy preserving mechanisms to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Zhaoxiong Yang , Shuihai Hu , Kai Chen

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising paradigm that offers significant advancements in privacy-preserving, decentralized machine learning by enabling collaborative training of models across distributed devices without centralizing data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Khiem Le , Nhan Luong-Ha , Manh Nguyen-Duc , Danh Le-Phuoc , Cuong Do , Kok-Seng Wong

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to play an instrumental role in the next generation of wireless systems, such as sixth-generation (6G) mobile network. However, massive data, energy consumption, training complexity, and sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Maryam Ben Driss , Essaid Sabir , Halima Elbiaze , Walid Saad

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training while preserving data privacy by keeping raw data locally stored on client devices, preventing access from other clients or the central server. However, recent studies reveal that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ren-Yi Huang , Dumindu Samaraweera , Prashant Shekhar , J. Morris Chang
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