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The rapid emergence of large language models (LLMs) has raised urgent questions across the modern workforce about this new technology's strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities. For privacy professionals, the question is whether these AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Zane Witherspoon , Thet Mon Aye , YingYing Hao

Existing benchmarks for evaluating mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs) rely primarily on competition problems, formal proofs, or artificially challenging questions -- failing to capture the nature of mathematics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Cezara Petrui , Kristina Nikolić , Florian Tramèr

The increased adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents an opportunity to solve many socio-economic and environmental challenges; however, this cannot happen without securing AI-enabled technologies. In recent years, most AI models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Ayodeji Oseni , Nour Moustafa , Helge Janicke , Peng Liu , Zahir Tari , Athanasios Vasilakos

Watermarking is becoming the default mechanism for AI content authentication, with governance policies and frameworks referencing it as infrastructure for content provenance. Yet across text, image, and audio modalities, watermark signal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alexander Nemecek , Osama Zafar , Yuqiao Xu , Wenbiao Li , Erman Ayday

As models become increasingly sophisticated, conventional algorithm benchmarks are increasingly saturated, underscoring the need for more challenging benchmarks to guide future improvements in algorithmic reasoning. This paper introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yaoming Zhu , Junxin Wang , Yiyang Li , Lin Qiu , ZongYu Wang , Jun Xu , Xuezhi Cao , Yuhuai Wei , Mingshi Wang , Xunliang Cai , Rong Ma

Auditing plays a pivotal role in the development of trustworthy AI. However, current research primarily focuses on creating auditable AI documentation, which is intended for regulators and experts rather than end-users affected by AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Nicolas Scharowski , Michaela Benk , Swen J. Kühne , Léane Wettstein , Florian Brühlmann

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

Numerous benchmarks have been established to assess the performance of foundation models on open-ended question answering, which serves as a comprehensive test of a model's ability to understand and generate language in a manner similar to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Yushi Bai , Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Xin Lv , Yuze He , Xiaozhi Wang , Jifan Yu , Kaisheng Zeng , Yijia Xiao , Haozhe Lyu , Jiayin Zhang , Juanzi Li , Lei Hou

Obtaining standardized crowdsourced benchmark of computational methods is a major issue in data science communities. Dedicated frameworks enabling fair benchmarking in a unified environment are yet to be developed. Here we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zhen Xu , Sergio Escalera , Isabelle Guyon , Adrien Pavão , Magali Richard , Wei-Wei Tu , Quanming Yao , Huan Zhao

Data contamination has become prevalent and challenging with the rise of models pretrained on large automatically-crawled corpora. For closed models, the training data becomes a trade secret, and even for open models, it is not trivial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Alon Jacovi , Avi Caciularu , Omer Goldman , Yoav Goldberg

Post-hoc explanation methods are an important class of approaches that help understand the rationale underlying a trained model's decision. But how useful are they for an end-user towards accomplishing a given task? In this vision paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Maximilian Idahl , Lijun Lyu , Ujwal Gadiraju , Avishek Anand

Currently, there are thousands of large pretrained language models (LLMs) available to social scientists. How do we select among them? Using validity, reliability, reproducibility, and replicability as guides, we explore the significance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Dustin S. Stoltz , Marshall A. Taylor , Sanuj Kumar

Every AI benchmark operationalizes theoretical assumptions about the capability it claims to assess. When assumptions function as unexamined commitments, benchmarks stabilize the dominant paradigm by narrowing what counts as progress. Over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Theodore J Kalaitzidis

Context: Tables are ubiquitous formats for data. Therefore, techniques for writing correct programs over tables, and debugging incorrect ones, are vital. Our specific focus in this paper is on rich types that articulate the properties of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Kuang-Chen Lu , Ben Greenman , Shriram Krishnamurthi

The increasing complexity of large language models (LLMs) raises concerns about their ability to "cheat" on standard Question Answering (QA) benchmarks by memorizing task-specific data. This undermines the validity of benchmark evaluations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yixiong Fang , Tianran Sun , Yuling Shi , Min Wang , Xiaodong Gu

Large language models (LLMs), renowned for their impressive capabilities in various tasks, have significantly advanced artificial intelligence. Yet, these advancements have raised growing concerns about privacy and security implications. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Yuqi Yang , Xiaowen Huang , Jitao Sang

Linguistically inclusive LLMs -- which maintain good performance regardless of the language with which they are prompted -- are necessary for the diffusion of AI benefits around the world. Multilingual jailbreaks that rely on language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Artūrs Kanepajs , Vladimir Ivanov , Richard Moulange

Jailbreak attacks represent one of the most sophisticated threats to the security of large language models (LLMs). To deal with such risks, we introduce an innovative framework that can help evaluate the effectiveness of jailbreak attacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dong Shu , Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Zihao Zhou , Lingyao Li , Yongfeng Zhang

This position paper argues that the under-representation of social science tasks in contemporary LLM benchmarks limits advances in both LLM evaluation and social scientific inquiry. Benchmarks -- standardized tools for assessing…

Online harassment has been a problem to a greater or lesser extent since the early days of the internet. Previous work has applied anti-spam techniques like machine-learning based text classification (Reynolds, 2011) to detecting harassing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-12 Alexei Bastidas , Edward Dixon , Chris Loo , John Ryan