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This paper formulates optimal pacing of a cyclist on hilly terrain time-trials as a minimum-time optimal control problem. Maximal power of a cyclist serves as a time-varying constraint and depends on fatigue and recovery which are captured…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-29 Faraz Ashtiani , Vijay Sarthy M Sreedhara , Ardalan Vahidi , Randolph Hutchison , Gregory Mocko

We present a mathematical model for optimizing breakaway strategies in competitive cycling, balancing power expenditure, aerodynamic drag, and crashing. Our framework incorporates probabilistic crash dynamics, allowing a cyclist's risk…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-08 J. Chico-Vázquez , I. M. Griffiths

Improving a cyclist performance during a time-trial effort has been a challenge for sport scientists for several decades. There has been a lot of work on understanding the physiological concepts behind it. The concepts of Critical Power…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-13 Faraz Ashtiani , Vijay Sarthy M Sreedhara , Ardalan Vahidi , Randolph Hutchison , Gregory Mocko

We combine power-meter measurements with GPS measurements to study the model that accounts for the use of power by a cyclist. The model takes into account the change in elevation and speed along with adverse effects of air, rolling and…

Popular Physics · Physics 2021-03-18 Tomasz Danek , Michael A. Slawinski , Theodore Stanoev

We suppose that performance is a random variable whose expectation is related to training inputs, and we study four performance measures in a statistical model that relates performance to training. Our aim is to carry out a robust…

Applications · Statistics 2019-02-07 Phil Scarf , Mansour Shrahili , Naif Alotaibi , Simon Jobson , Louis Passfield

Predicting cycling duration for a given route is essential for training planning and event preparation. Existing solutions rely on physics-based models that require extensive parameterization, including aerodynamic drag coefficients and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Francisco Aguilera Moreno

World Endurance Championship (WEC) racing events are characterised by a relevant performance gap among competitors. The fastest vehicles category, consisting in hybrid vehicles, has to respect energy usage constraints set by the technical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Francesco Braghin , Luca Paparusso , Manuel Riani , Fabio Ruggeri

We formulate an optimization of a bicycle ascent time under the constraints of the average, maximum, and minimum powers. In contrast to the first part of this study, we do not restrict the departure to flying starts with an initial speed…

Classical Physics · Physics 2025-07-28 Len Bos , Michael A. Slawinski , Raphaël A. Slawinski , Theodore Stanoev

Runners competing in races are looking to optimize their performance. In this paper, a runner's performance in a race, such as a marathon, is formulated as an optimal control problem where the controls are: the nutrition intake throughout…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-24 Cameron Cook , Suzanne Lenhart , William Hager , Guoxun Chen

In order to describe the velocity and the anaerobic energy of two runners competing against each other for middle-distance races, we present a mathematical model relying on an optimal control problem for a system of ordinary differential…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-03-11 Amandine Aftalion , Camilla Fiorini

In this article, a new model based on techniques of differential equations is introduced to predict the athletic performance based training load and a data sample of the physical form of athletes arises. This model is an extension of the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2016-12-28 Marcos Matabuena , Rosana Rodriguez

Models for human running performances of various complexities and underlying principles have been proposed, often combining data from world record performances and bio-energetic facts of human physiology. Here we present a novel, minimal…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-03-06 Matthew Mulligan , Guillaume Adam , Thorsten Emig

The problem of optimization of the rolling dynamics model is considered. That providing safe movement at high frequency when interacting with the railway. Moreover, allowing to evaluate the dynamic parameters when designing new and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Anas M. Al-Oraiqat , Alexander Y. Ivanov , Yuriy A. Ivanov

In this paper, we propose an optimization framework for the powertrain design of a two-wheel-driven electric superbike, minimizing energy consumption. Specifically, we jointly optimize the force distribution between the wheels with the gear…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Adelmo Niccolai , Maurizio Clemente , Theo Hofman , Niccolò Baldanzini

We study the behavior of a single spin in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field utilizing Glauber dynamics. We engineer the system to function as an engine by changing the magnetic field according to specific protocols.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-12-16 Rita Majumdar , Monojit Chatterjee , Rahul Marathe

Bicycle Power Meters have become ubiquitous in professional and amateur cycling. These devices claim high levels of accuracy, and this accuracy is indeed essential if they are to serve their purpose as reliable training aids and indicators…

Popular Physics · Physics 2024-06-17 Jack Renshaw

Our aim is to present a new model which encompasses pace optimization and motor control effort for a runner on a fixed distance. We see that for long races, the long term behaviour is well approximated by a turnpike problem. We provide…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-06 Amandine Aftalion , Emmanuel Trélat

This paper presents an extension of Keller's classical model to address the dynamics of long-distance trail running, a sport characterized by varying terrains, changing elevations, and the critical influence of in-race nutrition uptake. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-08 Bogna Jaszczak , Łukasz Płociniczak

We investigate the dynamics of a bicycle on an uneven mountain bike track split into straight sections with small jumps (kickers) and banked corners. A basic bike-rider model is proposed and used to derive equations of motion, which capture…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-14 Julian Golembiewski , Marcus Schmidt , Benedikt Terschluse , Thomas Jaitner , Thomas Liebig , Timm Faulwasser

In several important routing contexts it is required to identify a set of routes, each of which optimizes a different criterion. For instance, in the context of vehicle routing, one route would minimize the total distance traveled, while…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Ido Zoref , Ariel Orda
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