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While large language models (LLMs) such as Llama-2 or GPT-4 have shown impressive zero-shot performance, fine-tuning is still necessary to enhance their performance for customized datasets, domain-specific tasks, or other private needs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Chia-Yi Hsu , Yu-Lin Tsai , Chih-Hsun Lin , Pin-Yu Chen , Chia-Mu Yu , Chun-Ying Huang

With the help of conditioning mechanisms, the state-of-the-art diffusion models have achieved tremendous success in guided image generation, particularly in text-to-image synthesis. To gain a better understanding of the training process and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Shengfang Zhai , Yinpeng Dong , Qingni Shen , Shi Pu , Yuejian Fang , Hang Su

We present GIFT: a {G}radient-aware {I}mmunization technique to defend diffusion models against malicious {F}ine-{T}uning while preserving their ability to generate safe content. Existing safety mechanisms like safety checkers are easily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Amro Abdalla , Ismail Shaheen , Dan DeGenaro , Rupayan Mallick , Bogdan Raita , Sarah Adel Bargal

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress, yet their safety alignment remains limited. Typically, current open-source MLLMs rely on the alignment inherited from their language module to avoid harmful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yanbo Wang , Jiyang Guan , Jian Liang , Ran He

The deployment of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has brought forth a unique vulnerability: susceptibility to malicious attacks through visual inputs. This paper investigates the novel challenge of defending MLLMs against such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Renjie Pi , Tianyang Han , Jianshu Zhang , Yueqi Xie , Rui Pan , Qing Lian , Hanze Dong , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang

Hateful memes have become a significant concern on the Internet, necessitating robust automated detection systems. While Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promise in hateful meme detection, they face notable challenges like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Guangyu Yang , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne

Language Models (LMs) typically adhere to a "pre-training and fine-tuning" paradigm, where a universal pre-trained model can be fine-tuned to cater to various specialized domains. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained the most widespread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Delong Ran , Xinlei He , Tianshuo Cong , Anyu Wang , Qi Li , Xiaoyun Wang

Model providers increasingly release open weights or allow users to fine-tune foundation models through APIs. Although these models are safety-aligned before release, their safeguards can often be removed by fine-tuning on harmful data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Itay Zloczower , Eyal Lenga , Gilad Gressel , Yisroel Mirsky

Releasing open-source large language models (LLMs) presents a dual-use risk since bad actors can easily fine-tune these models for harmful purposes. Even without the open release of weights, weight stealing and fine-tuning APIs make closed…

The existing safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is found fragile and could be easily attacked through different strategies, such as through fine-tuning on a few harmful examples or manipulating the prefix of the generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Chak Tou Leong , Yi Cheng , Kaishuai Xu , Jian Wang , Hanlin Wang , Wenjie Li

Recently, text-to-image diffusion models have been widely used for style mimicry and personalized customization through methods such as DreamBooth and Textual Inversion. This has raised concerns about intellectual property protection and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yanjie Li , Wenxuan Zhang , Xinqi Lyu , Yihao Liu , Bin Xiao

Fine-tuning lets practitioners repurpose aligned large language models (LLMs) for new domains, yet recent work reveals emergent misalignment (EMA): Even a small, domain-specific fine-tune can induce harmful behaviors far outside the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 David Kaczér , Magnus Jørgenvåg , Clemens Vetter , Esha Afzal , Robin Haselhorst , Lucie Flek , Florian Mai

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing Internet-scale image data, offering significant benefits but also raising critical safety and societal concerns. In particular, open-weight MLLMs may be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zedian Shao , Hongbin Liu , Yuepeng Hu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Fine-tuning language models is commonly believed to inevitably harm their safety, i.e., refusing to respond to harmful user requests, even when using harmless datasets, thus requiring additional safety measures. We challenge this belief…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Minseon Kim , Jin Myung Kwak , Lama Alssum , Bernard Ghanem , Philip Torr , David Krueger , Fazl Barez , Adel Bibi

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks despite their impressive capabilities. Investigating these weaknesses is crucial for robust safety mechanisms. Existing attacks primarily distract LLMs by introducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Peng Ding , Jun Kuang , Wen Sun , Zongyu Wang , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

Despite the impressive capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in integrating text and image modalities, challenges remain in accurately interpreting detailed visual elements. Vision detection models excel at recognizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Qirui Jiao , Daoyuan Chen , Yilun Huang , Yaliang Li , Ying Shen

Recent text-to-image diffusion models have shown surprising performance in generating high-quality images. However, concerns have arisen regarding the unauthorized data usage during the training or fine-tuning process. One example is when a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Zhenting Wang , Chen Chen , Lingjuan Lyu , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Shiqing Ma

Text-to-Image models may generate harmful content, such as pornographic images, particularly when unsafe prompts are submitted. To address this issue, safety filters are often added on top of text-to-image models, or the models themselves…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Zhengyuan Jiang , Yuepeng Hu , Yuchen Yang , Yinzhi Cao , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated their incredible capability in image understanding and response generation. However, this rich visual interaction also makes LVLMs vulnerable to adversarial examples. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Xunguang Wang , Zhenlan Ji , Pingchuan Ma , Zongjie Li , Shuai Wang

Recent vision transformer based video models mostly follow the ``image pre-training then finetuning" paradigm and have achieved great success on multiple video benchmarks. However, full finetuning such a video model could be computationally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Taojiannan Yang , Yi Zhu , Yusheng Xie , Aston Zhang , Chen Chen , Mu Li