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Ensuring the safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) remains a critical challenge, as traditional verification methods such as large-scale on-road testing are prohibitively costly and time-consuming.To address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ji Zhou , Yongqi Zhao , Yixian Hu , Hexuan Li , Zhengguo Gu , Nan Xu , Arno Eichberger

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) have made huge progress and started on-road testing or even commercializing trials. ADS are complex and difficult to test: they receive input data from multiple sensors and make decisions using a combination…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tri Minh Triet Pham , Bo Yang , Jinqiu Yang

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) are safety-critical, as real-world safety violations can result in significant losses. Rigorous testing is essential before deployment, with simulation testing playing a key role. However, ADSs are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Linfeng Liang , Xi Zheng

With the growing technological advances in autonomous driving, the transport industry and research community seek to determine the impact that autonomous vehicles (AV) will have on consumers, as well as identify the different factors that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Walter Morales Alvarez , Nikita Smirnov , Elmar Matthes , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Automated driving systems (ADS) are expected to be reliable and robust against a wide range of driving scenarios. Their decisions, first and foremost, must be well understood. Understanding a decision made by ADS is a great challenge,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Quang-Hung Luu , Huai Liu , Tsong Yueh Chen , Hai L. Vu

Flaky tests exhibit non-deterministic behavior during execution and they may pass or fail without any changes to the program under test. Detecting and classifying these flaky tests is crucial for maintaining the robustness of automated test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Riddhi More , Jeremy S. Bradbury

The selection of relevant test scenarios for the scenario-based testing and safety validation of automated driving systems (ADSs) remains challenging. An important aspect of the relevance of a scenario is the challenge it poses for an ADS.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Lennart Vater , Sven Tarlowski , Michael Schuldes , Lutz Eckstein

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

With the implementation of the new EU regulation 2022/1426 regarding the type-approval of the automated driving system (ADS) of fully automated vehicles, scenario-based testing has gained significant importance in evaluating the performance…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Barbara Schütt , Stefan Otten , Eric Sax

Validating Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is a strategic issue, since such systems are becoming increasingly widespread in the automotive field. ADAS bring extra comfort to drivers, and this has become a selling point. But these…

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

While automated driving is often advertised with better-than-human driving performance, this work reviews that it is nearly impossible to provide direct statistical evidence on the system level that this is actually the case. The amount of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Hanno Gottschalk , Matthias Rottmann , Maida Saltagic

Data augmentation has become a standard practice in software engineering to address limited or imbalanced data sets, particularly in specialized domains like test classification and bug detection where data can be scarce. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Riddhi More , Jeremy S. Bradbury

Flaky tests are tests that yield different outcomes when run on the same version of a program. This non-deterministic behaviour plagues continuous integration with false signals, wasting developers' time and reducing their trust in test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Amal Akli , Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Existing Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) independently make driving decisions, but they face two significant limitations. First, in complex scenarios, ADS may misinterpret the environment and make inappropriate driving decisions. Second,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Ziwei Song , Mingsong Lv , Tianchi Ren , Chun Jason Xue , Jen-Ming Wu , Nan Guan

Automated driving systems (ADSs) promise a safe, comfortable and efficient driving experience. However, fatalities involving vehicles equipped with ADSs are on the rise. The full potential of ADSs cannot be realized unless the robustness of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Ekim Yurtsever , Jacob Lambert , Alexander Carballo , Kazuya Takeda

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) are capable of sensing the environment and making driving decisions autonomously. These systems are safety-critical, and testing them is one of the important approaches to ensure their safety. However, due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Chengjie Lu , Tao Yue , Man Zhang , Shaukat Ali

An open question in autonomous driving is how best to use simulation to validate the safety of autonomous vehicles. Existing techniques rely on simulated rollouts, which can be inefficient for finding rare failure events, while other…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Anthony Corso , Ritchie Lee , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Regression testing aims to prevent code changes from breaking existing features. Flaky tests negatively affect regression testing because they result in test failures that are not necessarily caused by code changes, thus providing an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Alexander Berndt , Sebastian Baltes , Thomas Bach

Non-deterministic test behavior, or flakiness, is common and dreaded among developers. Researchers have studied the issue and proposed approaches to mitigate it. However, the vast majority of previous work has only considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Martin Gruber , Muhammad Firhard Roslan , Owain Parry , Fabian Scharnböck , Phil McMinn , Gordon Fraser