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Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Weakly supervised whole slide image classification is usually formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where each slide is treated as a bag, and the patches cut out of it are treated as instances. Existing methods either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Linhao Qu , Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology. However, the gigapixel-size of such images remains a major challenge for the current state of deep-learning. Current methods rely on multiple-instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Etienne Pochet , Rami Maroun , Roger Trullo

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is widely used in the computer-aided interpretation of pathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) to solve the lack of pixel-wise or patch-wise annotations. Often, this approach directly applies "natural image…

Analyzing high resolution whole slide images (WSIs) with regard to information across multiple scales poses a significant challenge in digital pathology. Multi-instance learning (MIL) is a common solution for working with high resolution…

Multiple instance learning exhibits a powerful approach for whole slide image-based diagnosis in the absence of pixel- or patch-level annotations. In spite of the huge size of hole slide images, the number of individual slides is often…

Fine-grained classification of whole slide images (WSIs) is essential in precision oncology, enabling precise cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The core of this task involves distinguishing subtle morphological…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Cheng Jin , Luyang Luo , Huangjing Lin , Jun Hou , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) and transformers are increasingly popular in histopathology Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, unlike human pathologists who selectively observe specific regions of histopathology tissues under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Conghao Xiong , Hao Chen , Joseph J. Y. Sung , Irwin King

Whole slide images, with their gigapixel-scale panoramas of tissue samples, are pivotal for precise disease diagnosis. However, their analysis is hindered by immense data size and scarce annotations. Existing MIL methods face challenges due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Weiyi Wu , Xinwen Xu , Chongyang Gao , Xingjian Diao , Siting Li , Jiang Gui

Whole-slide image (WSI) analysis plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In addressing the demands of this critical task, self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have emerged as a valuable resource, leveraging their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Gia-Bao Le , Van-Tien Nguyen , Trung-Nghia Le , Minh-Triet Tran

We present a novel weakly-supervised framework for classifying whole slide images (WSIs). WSIs, due to their gigapixel resolution, are commonly processed by patch-wise classification with patch-level labels. However, patch-level labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Tiange Xiang , Yang Song , Chaoyi Zhang , Dongnan Liu , Mei Chen , Fan Zhang , Heng Huang , Lauren O'Donnell , Weidong Cai

Recently, pathological diagnosis has achieved superior performance by combining deep learning models with the multiple instance learning (MIL) framework using whole slide images (WSIs). However, the giga-pixeled nature of WSIs poses a great…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zijie Fang , Yifeng Wang , Ye Zhang , Zhi Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangyang Ji , Yongbing Zhang

For classifying digital whole slide images in the absence of pixel level annotation, typically multiple instance learning methods are applied. Due to the generic applicability, such methods are currently of very high interest in the…

Histopathological image analysis is an essential process for the discovery of diseases such as cancer. However, it is challenging to train CNN on whole slide images (WSIs) of gigapixel resolution considering the available memory capacity.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-11 Shusuke Takahama , Yusuke Kurose , Yusuke Mukuta , Hiroyuki Abe , Masashi Fukayama , Akihiko Yoshizawa , Masanobu Kitagawa , Tatsuya Harada

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) represents the predominant framework in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification, covering aspects such as sub-typing, diagnosis, and beyond. Current MIL models predominantly rely on instance-level features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Heng Fang , Sheng Huang , Wenhao Tang , Luwen Huangfu , Bo Liu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a standard paradigm for the weakly supervised classification of whole slide images (WSIs). However, this paradigm relies on using a large number of labeled WSIs for training. The lack of training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Minghao Han , Linhao Qu , Dingkang Yang , Xukun Zhang , Xiaoying Wang , Lihua Zhang

In the field of computational histopathology, both whole slide images (WSIs) and diagnostic captions provide valuable insights for making diagnostic decisions. However, aligning WSIs with diagnostic captions presents a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Qifeng Zhou , Wenliang Zhong , Yuzhi Guo , Michael Xiao , Hehuan Ma , Junzhou Huang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu
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