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Federated learning (FL) is a distributed model for deep learning that integrates client-server architecture, edge computing, and real-time intelligence. FL has the capability of revolutionizing machine learning (ML) but lacks in the…

We address the problem of cluster identity estimation in a personalized federated learning (PFL) setting in which users aim to learn different personal models. The backbone of effective learning in such a setting is to cluster users into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Abdulmoneam Ali , Ahmed Arafa

Federated Learning has become an important learning paradigm due to its privacy and computational benefits. As the field advances, two key challenges that still remain to be addressed are: (1) system heterogeneity - variability in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Disha Makhija , Nhat Ho , Joydeep Ghosh

Federated learning (FL) has attracted much attention as a privacy-preserving distributed machine learning framework, where many clients collaboratively train a machine learning model by exchanging model updates with a parameter server…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Yuchang Sun , Jiawei Shao , Songze Li , Yuyi Mao , Jun Zhang

In real-world federated learning scenarios, participants could have their own personalized labels which are incompatible with those from other clients, due to using different label permutations or tackling completely different tasks or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Wonyong Jeong , Sung Ju Hwang

Federated learning (FL) under data heterogeneity remains challenging: existing methods either ignore client differences (FedAvg), require costly cluster discovery (IFCA), or maintain per-client models (Ditto). All degrade when data is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Rickard Brännvall

Federated Learning (FL) emerged as a decentralized paradigm to train models while preserving privacy. However, conventional FL struggles with data heterogeneity and class imbalance, which degrade model performance. Clustered FL balances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Alessandro Licciardi , Davide Leo , Eros Fanì , Barbara Caputo , Marco Ciccone

Motivated by high resource costs of centralized machine learning schemes as well as data privacy concerns, federated learning (FL) emerged as an efficient alternative that relies on aggregating locally trained models rather than collecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yiyue Chen , Haris Vikalo , Chianing Wang

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning framework that leverages commonalities between distributed client datasets to train a global model. Under heterogeneous clients, however, FL can fail to produce stable training results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Connor J. Mclaughlin , Lili Su

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that safeguards privacy by retaining client data on edge devices. However, optimizing FL in practice can be challenging due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yongxin Guo , Xiaoying Tang , Tao Lin

Data heterogeneity poses a fundamental challenge in federated learning (FL), especially when clients differ not only in distribution but also in the reliability of their predictions across individual examples. While personalized FL (PFL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Amr Abourayya , Jens Kleesiek , Bharat Rao , Michael Kamp

Federated Learning (FL) aims to learn a single global model that enables the central server to help the model training in local clients without accessing their local data. The key challenge of FL is the heterogeneity of local data in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Sicong Liang , Junchao Tian , Shujun Yang , Yu Zhang

Federated learning is a distributed machine learning paradigm that allows multiple participants to train a shared model by exchanging model updates instead of their raw data. However, its performance is degraded compared to centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Hyungbin Kim , Incheol Baek , Yon Dohn Chung

Federated learning (FL) is a well established method for performing machine learning tasks over massively distributed data. However in settings where data is distributed in a non-iid (not independent and identically distributed) fashion --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Christopher Briggs , Zhong Fan , Peter Andras

As Federated Learning (FL) expands, the challenge of non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data becomes critical. Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) addresses this by training multiple specialized models, each representing a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Michael Ben Ali , Omar El-Rifai , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

In this letter, we design a federated contrastive learning (FedCL) framework aimed at supporting personalized semantic communication. Our FedCL enables collaborative training of local semantic encoders across multiple clients and a global…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-14 Yining Wang , Wanli Ni , Wenqiang Yi , Xiaodong Xu , Ping Zhang , Arumugam Nallanathan

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized training of machine learning models on distributed data while preserving privacy. However, in real-world FL settings, client data is often non-identically distributed and imbalanced, resulting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Gergely D. Németh , Eros Fanì , Yeat Jeng Ng , Barbara Caputo , Miguel Ángel Lozano , Nuria Oliver , Novi Quadrianto

Federated learning (FL) has been proposed to protect data privacy and virtually assemble the isolated data silos by cooperatively training models among organizations without breaching privacy and security. However, FL faces heterogeneity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Dashan Gao , Xin Yao , Qiang Yang

Federated learning is a method of training a global model from decentralized data distributed across client devices. Here, model parameters are computed locally by each client device and exchanged with a central server, which aggregates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Sagar Dhakal , Saurav Prakash , Yair Yona , Shilpa Talwar , Nageen Himayat

Federated learning (FL) provides a privacy-preserving solution for distributed machine learning tasks. One challenging problem that severely damages the performance of FL models is the co-occurrence of data heterogeneity and long-tail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Xinyi Shang , Yang Lu , Gang Huang , Hanzi Wang